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parent cell into two new daughter cells and ending with the division of those daughter cells. The mechanisms
that control the cell cycle are very similar in all eukaryotes. Similar processes are used by organisms as different
as protists, plants, and animals.
Before going over the steps a cell takes to replicate, it is important to have a better understanding of
the makeup and purpose of its genetic code. The total amount of DNA in a cell is referred to as its genome. The
genome of prokaryotes is made up of a single double-stranded DNA molecule that is shaped like a loop or
circle. A nucleoid is the area of the cell that houses this genetic material.
Additionally, some
prokaryotes have
smaller DNA loops called plasmids that are not necessary for typical growth. The genome of eukaryotes is
made up of numerous double-stranded, linear DNA molecules that are bound to proteins to form complexes
known as chromosomes (Figure 30). Each species of eukaryote has a characteristic number of
chromosomes
in the nuclei of its cells. Human body cells (somatic cells) have 46 chromosomes.
A somatic cell contains two
matched sets of chromosomes, a configuration known as
diploid
. The letter n is used to represent a single set
of
chromosomes; therefore, a diploid
organism is designated
2n
. Human cells that contain one set of 23
chromosomes
are called gametes,
or sex cells; these eggs
and sperm are designated
n
, or
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