IELTS Reading
How to approach the task
Underline the key words in the arguments A-F.
Then scan the text for expressions of the same idea.
Questions 5-7
Which THREE of the following arguments are stated in the text?
Penguins are not afraid of people who behave calmly.
Penguins need better protection from tourists.
Not all penguins behave in the same way.
Tourists are not responsible for the fall in penguin numbers.
Penguins are harder to research when they have young.
Tour operators should encourage tourists to avoid Antarctica.
For further practice in understanding and paraphrasing arguments, do the
Supplementary activity on page 113.
MATCHING
Sometimes a matching
exercise
is used in IELTS to
test
your
ability
to identify
and
understand
different arguments. It is used particularly when the text
presents a number of arguments or theories from different sources.
Read the following extract from an article on Australia's farming and highlight the
different sources (people or organisations) quoted in the article.
Select some of the arguments and see if you can paraphrase them.
Reading UNIT 6
Australia's Growing Disaster
Farming is threatening to destroy the soil and
native flora and fauna over vast areas of Australia.
What price should be put on conservation?
Australia's National Greenhouse Gas Inventory
Committee estimates that burning wood from cleared
forests accounts for about 30 per cent of Australia's
emissions of carbon dioxide, or 156 million tonnes a
year. And water tables are rising beneath cleared land.
In the Western Australian wheat belt, estimates suggest
that water is rising by up to 1 metre a year. The land is
becoming waterlogged and unproductive or is being
poisoned by salt, which is brought to the surface. The
Australian Conservation Foundation (ACF) reckons that
33 million hectares has been degraded by salination.
The federal government estimates the loss in
production from salinity at A$200 million a year.
According to Jason Alexandra of the ACF, this list of
woes is evidence that Australia is depleting its
resources by trading agricultural commodities for
manufactured imports. In effect, it sells topsoil for
technologies that will be worn out or redundant in a few
years. The country needs to get away from the "colonial
mentality" of exploiting resources and adopt agricultural
practices suited to Australian conditions, he says.
Robert Hadler of the National Farmers' Federation
(NFF) does not deny that there is a problem, but says
that it is "illogical" to blame farmers. Until the early
1980s, farmers were given tax incentives to clear land
because that was what people wanted. If farmers are
given tax breaks to manage the land sustainably, they
will do so. Hadler argues that the two reports on
land clearance do not say anything which was not
known before.
Australia is still better off than many other
developed countries, says Dean Graetz, an ecologist at
the CSIRO, the national research organisation. "A lot of
the country is still notionally pristine," he says. "It is not
transformed like Europe where almost nothing that is
left is natural." Graetz, who analysed the satellite
photographs for the second land clearance report,
argues that there is now better co-operation between
Australian scientists, government officials and farmers
than in the past.
But the vulnerable state of the land is now widely
What is the writer's purpose in this article?
How is the writer using the arguments?
understood, and across Australia, schemes have started
for promoting environment friendly farming. In 1989,
Prime Minister Bob Hawke set up Landcare, a network
of more than 2000 regional conservation groups.
About 30 percent of landholders are members, "It has
become a very significant social movement," says
Helen Alexander from the National Landcare Council.
"We started out worrying about not much more than
erosion and the replanting of trees but it has grown
much more diverse and sophisticated,"
But the bugbear of all these conservation efforts is
money. Landcare's budget is A$110 million a year, of
which only A$6 million goes to farmers. Neil Clark, an
agricultural consultant from Bendigo in Victoria, says that
farmers are not getting enough. "Farmers may want to
make more efficient use of water and nutrients and
embrace more sustainable practices, but it all costs
money and they just don't have the spare funds," he says.
Clark also says scientists are taking too large a share
of the money for conservation. Many problems posed
by agriculture to the environment have been
"researched to death", he says. "We need to divert the
money for a while into getting the solutions into place."
Australia's chief scientist, Michael Pitman, disagrees. He
says that science is increasingly important.
Meteorologists, for example, are becoming confident
about predicting events which cause droughts in
Australia. "If this can be done with accuracy then it will
have immense impact on stocking levels and how
much feed to provide," says Pitman, 'The end result
will be much greater efficiency."
Steve Morton of the CSIRO Division of Wildlife and
Ecology says the real challenge facing conservationists
is to convince the 85 per cent of Australians who live
in cities that they must foot a large part of the bill. "The
land is being used to feed the majority and to produce
wealth that circulates through the financial markets of
the cities," he says. One way would be to offer
incentives to extend the idea of stewardship to areas
outside the rangelands, so that more land could be
protected rather than exploited. Alexander agrees. "The
nation will have to debate to what extent it is willing to
support rural communities," she says. "It will have to
decide to what extent it wants food prices to reflect the
true cost of production. That includes the cost of
looking after the environment."
Reading UNIT 6
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