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Chemical properties. Metals and alloys change chemically under the influence
of the environment . These changes are called corrosion.
affects different metals in different ways : iron rusts, copper turns black , lead
tarnishes, aluminum darkens, etc.
Many metals and alloys undergo chemical changes at high temperatures.
When metals are heated, they oxidize and form soot on the surface.
The death of metals due to oxidation, evaporation and other phenomena is called
leaching .
Metals that do not oxidize when heated at high temperatures
are called heat-
resistant metals.
Some metals retain their structure even when heated , do not soften and do not
deform even in heavy crushing, such metals are called refractory metals.
In many cases, metals are affected by alkalis and acid salts.
If metals are not affected by alkali, acid and salts, such metals are called acid,
salt and alkali resistant metals.
Mechanical properties of metals.
Mechanical properties of metals: strength, hardness, ductility, plasticity, etc.
In this, various metal samples are tested on machines (testing of samples is fully
studied in the science of resistivity of metals)
In this section, only the hardness of metals should be considered , since there are
methods for measuring the hardness of metals in the engineering industry.
The hardness of metals refers to the resistance of a metal to the immersion of
another harder metal . Hardness is one of the most basic properties of metal, and it is
determined whether it is suitable or not suitable for the preparation of details. The
harder the metal , the more power it needs to work.
d
Д
P
3
2
4
1- шпиндел.
2- шар
3- намуна
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Figure 1.4. Hardness test scheme.
The hardness of metals is determined in different ways. The more
commonly
investigated methods are defined by dipping a steel ball, diamond cone, or diamond
pyramid into the sample. The larger the mark left by the ball on the sample, the softer
the metal and vice versa.
The following methods of determining hardness are widely used.
1. Immersion of a solid steel ball. (Determination of hardness according to
Brinell) (Fig. 1.4).
2. Immersion of the tip of the diamond cone (determination
of hardness
according to Rockwell).
3. Immersion of the end of the diamond pyramid (determining hardness
according to Vickers).
When determined
by the hardness test method, the part is checked without
breaking. Depending on the thickness
and hardness of the part, balls of different
diameters are obtained. Example: a ball with a diameter of 10 mm is taken when the
load is 30000 N. A ball with a diameter of 5 mm is obtained at a load of 7500 N and a
ball with a diameter of 2.5 mm is obtained at a load of 1870 N.
The depth of the mark formed after dipping the ball should be at least 10 times
less than the thickness of the metal. The distance from the center of the trace to the
edge of the metal surface should be greater than the diameter of the ball.
The hardness value
is denoted by N, and the index of the determination method
is called q ' .
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