F
P
HB
N/
mm2
where, the force exerted on the R-ball, N
F- the surface of the mark left by the ball, mm
2
15
2
2
2
2
2
d
D
D
D
F
mm
2
where D is the diameter of the ball, mm
d - track diameter, mm.
The Rockwell method uses a steel ball with a diameter of 1.58 mm or a diamond
cone with an angle of 120
0 .
In this case, the hardness is determined from the scale on
the indicator. A ball is used for soft metals and a diamond cone is used for testing hard
metals.
The hardness of very soft and hard metals can be determined by the Vickers
method. In this method, the sample is pressed with a pyramid with an angle of 136
0 at
the ends.
The pressing force is 550-1200 N. The size of the imprint is measured using a
microscope on the device itself.
Technological properties of metals.
Machinability , malleability, weldability, malleability, fluidity of molten metal
and others. Among them, the feature of metal cutting is in the main place, because most
metal objects are cut on lathes.
The properties of cutting are determined by cutting speed, cutting force, and the
cleanliness of the machined surface. These properties of metal are compared against a
standard. For this, automotive steel of the A12 grade is taken.
Information about alloys .
A complex body obtained by melting two or more elements together is called an
alloy. Examples of this are cast iron, steel, bronze, brass, aluminum, etc.
can be obtained by mixing the powders of the elements included in the alloy and
baking the product in special ovens at 1100-1400
0 C.
Examples are hard alloys, metal-
ceramic details.
Elements included in the composition of the alloy according to the difference in
atomic diameters, the type of crystal lattice and their melting temperature. alloys:
divided into mechanical compound, chemical compound and solid solution.
1.
Mechanical mixture. If the atoms of the elements included in the alloy are not
attracted to each other during the crystallization process, but avoid each other, the
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atoms of each element included in the alloy form independent crystals in the solid state.
The resulting crystal grains are called a mechanical mixture because they are composed
of a mechanical mixture.
Depending on the conditions of crystallization of the alloy, the mechanical
mixture can consist of crystals of different shapes and sizes.
2.
Chemical compound. If the atoms of the elements included in the composition
of the alloy interact chemically during the crystallization process, such elements form
a chemical compound when they solidify. A chemical compound is formed by the
combination of more metals and metal alloys with a complex crystal lattice.
3.
Solid solution. The alloying elements melt into each other and when solidified
form a crystal lattice structure like a pure metal. Example: Iron
with C, Ni, Mn, Si,
and other elements. Copper
forms a solid solution with Ni, Zn, Al, Si and other
elements.
When forming solid solutions, the element in the alloy whose crystal lattice is
preserved is called the melting element, and the element whose crystal lattice is not
preserved is called the melting element, and A(V) is A-solvent, V-solvent.
The solubility of the elements varies according to the relationship between the
elements included in the alloy. Nickel dissolves in copper, and copper dissolves in
nickel.
B
элемент
Î - A
элемент.
B
1. Figure 5. Scheme of arrangement of atoms in crystal lattices.
Not all metals mix well with each other. Some may be good, medium, bad and
insoluble. When examined with the help of X-rays, it was found that a solid solution is
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formed as a result of the exchange of atoms of the soluble element with the atoms of
the solvent element. ( Fig . 1. 5)
Atoms of element B displace atoms of element A, and as a result, element A is
formed into element V. For this exchange of atoms, the crystal lattices of elements A
and B must be the same and the radii of the atoms must be close to each other.
Usually, in addition to the main components that make up the alloy, there are
also small amounts of other elements in the alloy, which are called primes. These
primes fall into the alloy when the ore is being smelted or the alloy is being smelted.
They do not significantly affect the properties of the alloy
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