G‘apporov M. Ingliz tili grammatikasi

shall be reading, I have been reading, I had been reading.
PERFECT PARTICIPLE ACTIVE
1. Perfect Participle Active hol bo‘lib keladi va gapning kesimidagi ish-
harakatdan oldin sodir bo‘lgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi.
2. Perfect Participle Active sifatdoshli iboralarda kelib sabab holi bo‘-
lib keladi. Bunday iboralarni kesimi Perfect zamonda kelgani sabab, er gash 
gaplari bilan almashtirish mumkin:
Having lived in London for many 
years (=As he had lived in London 
for many years) he knew that city 
very well.
Londonda ko‘p yillar yashagan-
ligi sababli (Londonda ko‘p yillar 
yashagani sababli), u bu shaharni 
juda yaxshi bilardi.
Having fulfi lled the terms of the 
contract (= As we had fulfi lled the 
terms of the contract) we refused to 
admit the claim of the fi rm.
Shartnoma shartlarini bajarib 
(Shartnoma shartlarini bajargan-
ligimiz sababli), biz fi rmaning 
da‘vosini rad etdik.
3. Perfect Participle Active payt holi bo‘lib keladi va sifatdoshdagi ish-
harakat gapning kesimidagi ish-harakatdan oldin sodir bo‘lganini bildiradi 
va bunday iboralarni kesimi Perfect zamonda bo‘lgan payt ergash gaplar 
bilan almashtirish mumkin:
Having collected all the mate-
rial (= After he had collected 
all the material), he was able to 
write a full report on th work of 
the comission.
Barcha materiallarni to‘plagach 
(= U barcha materiallarni to‘pla-
gandan keyin), komissiya ishi 
haqida to‘liq hisobot yoza oldi.
Izoh: Ushbu hol uchun Perfect Participle bilan bir qatorda after predlogi bilan kel gan 
Simple Gerund ham ishlatilishi mumkin:
Having collected all the material…
= After collecting all the material…
Ikkita bevosita oldinma-ketin sodir bo‘lgan ish-harakat bo‘lsa va bir 
ish-harakatni ikkinchisidan oldin sodir bo‘lganini ta’kidlash zarura 
ti 

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bo‘lmasa Perfect Participle emas Present Participle ishlatiladi va bu 
ibo ralarga to‘g‘ri keladigan ergash gaplarda fe’l Simple zamonlarda ish-
latiladi: