Geodeziya, kartografiya, geografiya

Abstraction - The effect of moving from the ‘real world’ through collection and manipulation of data to generalizations and predictions.
Active sensors - These emit electromagnetic radiation and record the amount of radiation scattered back from the Earth’s surface.
ANOVA - Analysis of Variance is a method whereby variation within the data being studied is partitioned into components that correspond to different potential sources that can explain that variation.
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Exchange is the ‘translation’ of characters into numbers that the computer will ‘understand’. When an ASCII format is required, this normally means a plain text without formatting, i.e. no bold or underlined texts, no bullets or borders.
Attribute data - Information about a geometric feature on a map that identifies what the feature represents.
Axial coding - Coding along an ‘axis’ or theme; researchers may suspend ‘open coding’ in order to pursue a particular theme.
Bias - The extent to which sample values deviate systematically from the population value precision (the size of the deviations between repeated estimates of a given statistic). Good sampling therefore aims to minimize bias and maximize precision.
Bivariate graph - A graph which illustrates a single cause–effect relationship (e.g. scatterplot) between the response variable (data being examined) and the explanatory variable (possible cause).
CAQDAS - The acronym for Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software. It comprises a variety of programs with different capabilities to assist the analysis of qualitative data. Simple programs can be used for text searches, whilst more sophisticated ones have functions especially for theory building.
Closure - The requirement to simplify a problem to obtain a solution by removing uncontrolled influences ‘outside’ the system under consideration.
Conditioning plot (coplot) - A plot in which the range of values for the explanatory variable is split into segments, and then data for each segment are plotted on a separate scatter plot.