1.14
English Morpho - Syntax
No.
Italized words in the
sentences
Lexemes
Morpho-
syntetic process
13.
Men fear death as children
to go in the dark.
14.
There is no such
flatterer
as a man’s self.
15. He did his best.
16. I like this best.
17. What was that noise?
18.
He died that he
might save
his country.
19.
What is the man that does
not love his country?
20. Give him what you can.
21. What nonsense is this!
22. What does it profit?
4. Introduction to Content Words and Function Words
After you learn about grammatical words, to understand English texts
better, you have to learn more about words. They belong to content words and
function words. Words like the, a, it, they and but are found in almost every
text, whereas words like apple, water and spoon, even though they seem very
common, will only be found in some texts. The other classes of words that do
not have clear lexical meaning or obvious concepts associated with them,
including conjunctions such as and, or and but; prepositions such as in and of;
the articles the, a/an, and pronouns such as it and he are called function words.
These kinds of words are called function words because they have a
grammatical function. For example, the articles indicate whether a noun is
definite or indefinite – the boy or a boy. The preposition of indicates possession
as in “the book of yours,” but this word indicates many other kinds of relations
too. So a useful way of looking at the words of languages like English is to
divide them into function words (like the) and content words (like apple). It
means that besides content words we also have function words. Nouns, verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs are the content words. These words denote concepts
such as objects, actions, attributes, and ideas that we can think about.
BING4316/MODUL 1
1.15
Content words are sometimes called the open class words because we can
regularly add new words to these classes. A new word like email, download,
face book, byte entered English with the internet revolution. Content words are
further classified into Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives and Adverbs. There are tens of
thousands of them in a language and so they make up most of the words in a
dictionary. Proper nouns (names of people and places) are not usually a
problem for understanding, but are also Content Words.
The difference between content and function words is treated by the brain
differently as illustrated by the following test that circulated recently over the
internet:
Please count the number of F’s in the following text:
FINISHED FILES ARE THE
RESULT OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC
STUDY COMBINED WITH THE
EXPERIENCE OF YEARS.
If you are like most people, your answer will be 3. That answer is wrong. The
correct answer is 6. Count again. This time pay attention to the function word
OF.
Indeed, there is a great deal of psychological and neurological evidence to
support this claim. For example, the effect that we just illustrated with the OF
test is much more pronounced in brain-damaged people. As discussed above,
brain sometimes are unable to read function words like in or which but can read
the lexical content words inn and witch. Other patients do just the opposite. Also
evidence for this distinction from language acquisition shows that in the early
stages of development children often omit function words from their speech, for
example, “doggie barking.” These two classes of words have different functions
in language. Content words have semantic content (meaning). Function words
play a grammatical role; they connect the content words to the larger
grammatical context in ways that will be discussed later.
Here follows a list of the type of words included in either content words or
function words.