Introduction to Words and Morphemes Dr. Leany Nani Harsa, M. Si
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Activity 2
1.
alligator: 1 morphemes 2.
calmly: 2 morphemes 3.
running: 2 morphemes 4.
blindness: 2 morphemes 5.
stapler: 2 morphemes 6.
bargain: 1 morphemes 7.
regrouping: 3 morphemes 8.
undeniable: 3 morphemes 9.
assertion: 2 morphemes 10.
certainly: 2 morphemes 11.
12.
prepay: 2 morphemes 13.
tighten: 2 morphemes 14.
staying: 2 morphemes 15.
dislocation: 3 morphemes 16.
smarten: 2 morphemes 17.
ladylike: 2 morphemes 18.
suddenly: 2 morphemes 19.
purposeful: 2 morphemes 20.
dislocate: 2 morphemes Activity 3 1.
milder → mild + er (inflectional- comparative) 2.
bicycle → bi (derivational) + cycle 3.
→ environ + ment (der.) + al (der.) + ly (der.) 4.
→ uni (der.) + direct + ion (der.) + al (der.) 5.
→ contemplate + ion (der.) 6.
→ love + ly (der.) + er (inflectional) 7.
→ laugh + able (der.) 8.
→ condemn + ation (der.) 9.
→ linguist + ic (der.) + s (inflectional) 10.
→ un (inflectional) + identify + ed (inflectional)
1.
BING4316/MODUL 1 1.37
2.
3.
A morpheme – the minimal linguistic unit – is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be further analyzed. Every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes. The decomposition of words into morphemes illustrates one of the fundamental properties of human language – discreteness. In all languages, discrete linguistic units combine in rule-governed ways to form larger units. Sound units combine to form morphemes, morphemes combine to form words, and words combine to form larger units – phrases and sentences. The analysis of words into morphemes begins with the contrasting of pairs of utterances which are partially different in sound and meaning. Word-forms are segmented into morphs, which are recurrent physical word-forming chunks. Any morphs that represent the same meaning are grouped together as allomorphs of that morpheme. Meaning plays a role in this, but the main principle used is that of distribution. Morphs are listed as S U M M A R Y
1.38 English Morpho - Syntax
allomorphs of the same morpheme if they are in complementary distribution, i.e. if they are realizations of the same morpheme in different contexts. (Sometimes a morpheme has a single allomorph). Some morphological rules are productive, they can be used freely to form new words from the list of free and bound morphemes. The suffix –
derive an adjective with the meaning of the verb and the meaning of –able, which is something like “able to be” as in accept + able. There is also a morpheme in English meaning “not” that has the form un- and that the prefix un- can be added to derived adjectives that have formed by morphological rules. There are two basic types of morphemes: unbound and bound. 1. Unbound or free-standing morphemes are individual elements that can stand alone within a sentence, such as: (cat), (laugh), (look), and (box)
The morpheme ten- in "tenant" may seem free, since there is an English word "ten". However, its lexical meaning is derived from the Latin word tenere, "to hold", and this or related meaning is not among the meanings of the English word "ten", hence ten- is a bound morpheme in the word "tenant". 2. Bound morphemes are meaning-bearing units of language, such as prefixes and suffixes, that are attached to unbound morphemes. They cannot stand alone. "Their attachment modifies the unbound morphemes in such things as number or syntactic category. For example:
Adding the bound morpheme (s) to the unbound morpheme (cat) changes the noun's number the addition of the (ed) to (laugh) changes tense. 1. The central technique used in the identification of morphemes is based on the notion of distribution, i.e. the total set of contexts in which a particular linguistic form occurs. We classify a set of morphs as allomorphs of the same morpheme if they are in complementary distribution. 2. Morphs are said to be in complementary distribution if: a. they represent the same meaning or serve the same grammatical function b. they are never found in identical contexts, so, the three morphs /-id/, /-d/ and /-t/ which represent the English regular past tense morpheme are in complementary distribution c. they are allomorphs of the same morpheme.
BING4316/MODUL 1 1.39
Focusing on the pronunciation of the underlined part of each word, which represents the negative morpheme in-, this morpheme can roughly be glossed as ‘not’ in “immovable” [imuv əbl] and “indecent” [indi:sənt]. The labial consonant [m] occurs in [im] before a labial consonant, the alveolar consonant [n] in [in] occurs before alveolar consonant and the velar consonant [n] in [in] occurs before velar consonants. Im- and –in are called allomorph.
Study the following data and answer the questions that follow:
unwind report distrust Uncover recover Unable rewrite unlock landless Disunited redraw ex-monk disallow penniless unhappy Repel ex-coach
1. What is the meaning of the morphemes represented in writing by ex-,, dis-, un-, re-, and –le 2. Comment on cases of homophony where a single morph represents more than one morpheme.
Divide the following words by placing a + between their morphemes. (Some of the words may be mono morphemic and therefore indivisible.)
re + place + s 1.
retroactive 2.
befriended 3.
televise 4.
endearment 5.
unpalatable 6.
holiday 7.
grandmother 8.
mistreatment F O R M A T I V E T E S T 3
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