Jumaeva nasiba komil qizi lexical and semantic characteristics of hyponomic relations in words in english and

Soil
 
 
Figure 13. The hyponomic configurations the word “soil”.
Given the probability that the tree structure is in an asymmetric state and 
this kind of structural figure can be maked an observation each lexical unit can 
have many hyponyms, but they have a single hyperonymy. In this taxonomic 
picture we can see the hyponyms of the “soil”, the word “soil” is hyperonym, “acid 
soil, clay, sand, humus, indian red, laterite, surface soil, desert soil” are 
considered co-hyponyms and the third layer of the words: “top soil, sub soil, 
Humus 
Indian red 
Laterite 
Surface soil 
Acid soil 
Sand 
Desert 
soil 
Clay 
Top soil 
Subsoil Undersoil 
Clunch 
Sedimentary clay 
Boulder clay 

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undersoil, sedimentary clay, boulder clay and clunch “ are considered hyponyms of
“soil”. According to categories, it is considered the natural entity in term of 
general semantic category and it is substance according to specific semantic 
categories, lastly, according to hyponymy subtype this is composition-based 
hyponymy. Another example for analyzing hyponymic relation the word juice. 
In the figure that given below, the hyponymic relationship is represented by 
a scheme called “juice taxonomy”.
Juice 
 
 
Herbal juice Vegetable juice Fruit juice
 
 
Orange juice lemon juice pear juice 
 
 
Mandarin juice Tropicana orange juice navel orange juice
 
Figure 14. Hyponymic relationship in lexical field “Juice”. 
The lexical units in this scheme are parts of the hyponymic or taxonomic 
paradigm. Given the probability that the tree structure is in an asymmetric state, 
this figure can be viewed carefully that each lexical unit can have many hyponyms, 
but they have a single hyperonymy. For example, if the word “juice” has 
hyponyms such as “mandarin juice”, “Tropicana orange juice”, “navel orange 
juice”, “orange juice” is their hyperonymy. The word “fruit juice” is the 
hyperonymy of “orange juice”. According to Lions, “these cross-categorical 
relations are quasi hyponymy. But even in nominal taxonomies, we see some 
differences in syntactic categories at the highest levels”.
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Adjectives can also have 
nominal hyperonyms, for example “emotion>happy, sad, angry”. Hyponymy is a 
70
Lyons J. Semantics (2 vols) Cambridge University Press. 1977. – P. 293. 

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paradigmatic relationship in which the relationship between members of the same 
syntactic category is represented. The inter-category relationship is called “quasi-
hyponymy”. In some cases, a high degree of syntactic category differences is 
observed in nominal taxonomy. For example, even though the word “fruit” in the 
picture above is a noun phrase, it is used in the adjective form “fruit juice”. The 
orange juice varieties “navel” and “mandarin juice” are represented at the bottom. 
In spite of given factual details which is connected with that the words “herbal 
juice” and “vegetable juice” in the primary stage are in the unit of uncount, the 
word “juice” is a noun in the category that is also not counted.
In the lexical field, hyponymy appears at several levels, that is, if 
hyperonyms contain a hyponym, the hyperonym itself can be considered its 
hyponym under the superordinate term that is one step higher. The semantic field 
of a hyperonym can exist as a superordinate, which is wider than a hyponym. The 
hierarchical structure of the semantic level is mainly manifested in hypero-
hyponymic relations. These relationships can be observed in the form of a general, 
upper level and a specific lower level, that is, “top-down”. For example, the phrase