by A.D.F. Yatnlin.
New York 2D03.P
12. (A menhir
(French, from Middle Breton:
таен,
"stone” and
hir,
"long"), standing stone, orthos tat, lith or messebx/matievt is a large upright standing stone.
Menhirs may be found singly as monoliths, or as part o f a group of similar atones. Their size can vary considerably,
but their shape is generally uneven and squared, often tapering towards the top, Menhirs are widely distributed across
Europe, A Sica and Asia, but are most numerous in Western Europe; in particular in Ireland, Great Britain and Brittany.
There are about 50,000 megaliths in these areas, while there are 1,200 menhirs in northwest France alone. Standing
stones are usually difficult to date, but pottery found underneath some in Atlantic Europe connects than with
the Beaker people. They were constructed during many different periods across pre-history as part of a
larger megalithicculture that flourished in Europe and beyond.
Some menhirs have been erected next to buildings that often have an early or current religious significance. One
ehample is the South Zeal Menhir in Devon, which formed the basis for a 12th-century monastery buih by lay monks.
The monastery later became the Oxenham Arms hotel, at South Zeal, and the standing stone remains in place in the
ancient snug bar at the hotel.
Where menhirs appear in groups, often in a circular, oval, henge or horseshoe formation, they are sometimes called
megalithic monuments. Tim e are sites of ancient religious ceremonies, sometimes containing burial chambers.1** The
exact function of menhirs has provoked more debate than practically any other issue in European pre-histerv. Over
(he centuries, they have variously been thought to have been used by Druids for human sacrifice, used as territorial
markers, or elements of a complex ideological system, or functioned as early calendars. Until the nineteenth century,
antiquarians did not have substantial knowledge o f prehistory, and their only reference points were provided by
classical literature. The developments o f radiocarbon dating and dendrochronology have done much to father
knowledge in this area.
The ward
menhir
was adopted from French by !9th century archaeologists. It is a combination of two words o f the
Breton language:
maen
and
hir.
In modem Welsh, they are described as
maen hir, or
"long stone", fn modem Breton,
the word
peulvan
is used, with
petd
meaning stake or post and
van
which is a soft mutation of the word
maen
which
means stone.
f' History o f Architecture
by
A.D.F Hamlin. COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW YORK
2001.P 8.
(A dolmen is a type
of single-chamber jweyahdik tomb, usually consisting o f two or more megaliths supporting a large flat horizontal
capstone (“table"), although there are also more complex variants. Most date from the early Neolithic (4000-3000
BC). Dolmen* were typically covered with earth
or
smaller stones to form a tumulus. In many instances, that covering
has weathered away, leaving only the stone "skeleton" of the burial mound intact.
It remains unclear when, why, and by whom the earliest dolmens were made. The oldest known dolmens are in
Western Europe, where they were set in place around 7,000 years ago. Archaeologists still do not know who erected
these dolmens, which makes it difficult to know why they did it. They are generally all regarded as tombs
or
burial
chambers, despite the absence of clear evidence for this. Human remains, sometimes accompanied by artifacts, have
been found in or close to the dolmens which could be scientifically dated using Radiocarbon dating However, it has
been impossible to prove that these remains date from the time when the stones were originally set in place.)
“MEGALITIK” - (grekcha “meg” katta, “lit” - tosh so‘zidan
olingan).
KROMLEX - aylana bo'ylab tik o‘matilgan toshdan quriigan
bo‘lib, u tosh to‘sin bilan birlashtirilgan. Angliyadagi Stounxendj
yaqinidagi kromplex, shu tipdagi qurilmaning klassik namunasidir. Bir
qancha urinishlarga qaramasdan Stonxendjning vazifasi hozirgacha
sirfigicha qolgan. Ba’zilaming aytishicha, ushbu toshlar ibodat qilish
uchun muhim deb ma’lumot berishgan. Toshlami bir qatorga gorizontal
tarzda joylashtirish juda ehtiyotkorlik bilan olib borilgan44.
Dolmen va Kromplex yodgorlikiari G‘arbiy Yevropa, shimoliy
Afirika, Kavkaz, Sibir va Qozog‘istonda ko‘plab uchraydi. Bu
yodgorliklardan yana biri, ko‘rinishi kabr ustiga ishlangan tuproq
qo‘rg‘on boiib, bu qo‘rg‘on diametri 12 metrga yetgan, atrofi esa tosh
plita bilan aylantirib chiqilgan. Tripolidagi (Kiyev yaqinidagi kishloq
nomi) topilgan devor qoldig‘i, bu yerdagi uy ko‘proq daryo yoqasiga
yaqin yerda qurilganligi haqida ma’lumot beradi. Bu uy loy va
yog‘ochdan ishlangan bo‘lib, devori esa rangli naqsh bilan bezatilgan45.
Bronza asri yodgoriiklaridan yana bir ko‘rinishi qabr ustiga
ishlangan tuproq qo‘rg‘onlar boiib, bu qo‘rg‘onlarning diametri o‘n
metrga yetgan, atrofi esa tosh plntalar bilan aylantirilib chiqilgan,
Tripolyedan (Kiyev yaqinidagi qishloq nomi) topilgan devor qoldiqlari
bu yerlarda uylar ko‘proq daryo yoqalariga yaqin yerlarda qurilganligi
haqida ma’lumot beradi. Qora dengiz va Azov dengizi sohillari, Kavkaz
etaklari, Kaspiy yoqalari, janubiy Sibirda bir biriga yaqin boigan, bir
44 Christopher Young, Amanda Chadbum, Isabelle Bedu (July 2008). "Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management
Plan".
UNESCO:
18. Morgan, James (21 September 2008). "Pig pinpoints Stonehenge origins". BBC. Retrieved 22
September 2008.;
(Stonehenge is
a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire. England.
2
miles
(3 km)
west
of Amcsburv and 8 miles (13 1cm) north ofSalisburv. Stonehenge's ring of standing stones are set within earthworks in
the middle o f the most dense complex o f Neolithicand Bronze Aye monuments in England, including several
hundred burial mounds. Archaeologists believe it was constructed from 3000 BC to 2000 BC. The surrounding circular
earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100
BC. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the firstblucstones were raised between 2400 and 2200 BC, although they may
have been at the site as early as 3000 BC. The site and its surroundings were added to UNESCO's list of World
Heritage Sites in 1986 and
it
is a legally protectedScheduled Ancient Monument. Stonehenge is owned bv the
Crown and managed by English Heritage: the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust. Stonehenge could have
been a burial ground from its earliest beginnings. Deposits containing human bone date from as early as 3000 BC.
when the ditch «id bank were first dug, and continued for at least another five hundred years.)
45 History of Architecture by A.D.F Hamlin. COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW YORK 2001.P 9.(
Cromlech (from Welsh
crom
. feminine form of
crym
"bent, curved" and
Hech
"slab, flagstone" is a term used to
describewehistoric megalithic structures. The term is now virtually obsolete in archaeology, but remains in use as a
colloquial term for two different types of megalithic monument.
In English it usually refers to dolmens, the remains of prehistoric stone chamber tombs. However, it is widely used
in FrenckPortuguese and Spanish to describe stone circles. Confusingly, some English-speaking archaeologists, such
as Aubrey Burl, use this second meaning for cromlech in English too
In addition, the term is occasionally used to describe more complex ehamples o f megalithic architecture, such as
the Almendres Cromlech in Portugal.*
qancha qabilalar yashagan boiib, uni ichida Skif qabilalari yetakchilik
rolini o‘ynagan. Shuning uchun bu yer san’atini ko‘p holda Skif san’ati
va davri deb yuritiladi. Skif mustahkam qo‘rg‘on, o‘z boshliqini
vafotidan keyin unga atab, katta tuproq qo‘rg‘on-qabri ko‘rgan. Bino
devorlarini naqsh va devoriy suratlar bilan bezaganlar46. Bugungi kunda
jahonning mashhur muzeyi Ermitajda saqlanayotgan 40 mingdan ortiq
skif madaniyati yodgorliklari ibtidoiy jamoa tuzumining so'nggi
bosqichi-temir asrini ta’riflashga q o i keladigan bebaho manbadir.
Ibtidoiy jamoa tuzumi insoniyat taraqqiyotining iizoq davom etgan
bosqichidir. Shu davr ichida inson taffakuri kamol topdi, his tuyg‘usi
rivojlandi: Inson dastlab tabiat yaratgan in’omlar iste’molidan o‘zi
mahsulot yaratishga o‘ta bordi. U mehnat jarayonida me’morchilikni
yaratdi. Me’morchilik, san’at voqeliklami obrazli berishga yordam
berish bilan birga, o‘z kuchiga ishorich hosil qilish tevarak-atrof
qoidalarini o‘zlashtirib, uni go‘zallik qonunlari asosida qayta qurishga
imkon beradi. Shunday jamoa davri san’ati qadimgi sharq, antik dunyo
va o'rta asr Yevropa san’ati hamda ilk sinfiy jamiyat san’atining asosini
tashkil etadi.
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