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32 . Faxverkli konstruksiyaiar Zamonaviy yog'och qurilmalar karkas konstruksiyasiga ega. Tashqi devorlar bunda o‘zida karkasni mujassamlashtiradi, ular vertikal brus-stoykalardan, gorizontal aloqalardan tashkil topgan. Karkas elementlar oraligidagi bo‘shliq tashqi va ichki tomonlama isituvchi mato bilan qoplanishi kerak, Faxverkli konstruksiyaiar. Karkas yog‘och konstruksiyalarda o‘rta asrdan boshlab foydalanila boshlangan. Ko‘pgina g‘arbiy Yevropaning davlatlarida haligacha eski qurilmalami kuzatish mumkin. Ular tashqaridan bruschatkali karkas gisht bilan to‘ldirilgan ko‘rinishda boigan. Bu sistema faxverk nomini oladi. Ayrim hollarda gisht bilan qoplanish ustidan shtukaturkalanadi. Angliyaning ko‘pgina eski uylarida yog‘ochli karkas yuqori sifatli dubdan ishlangan. Konstruktiv jihatidan tashqari dekorativ ahamiyatga ham ega boigan murakkab naqsh mavjud boigan. Zamonaviy qurilish konstruksiyaiar. Ko‘p asrlar davomida qurilish amaliyotida uchraydigan gishtli va yog‘och konstruksiyaiar yuqori o‘rinda turgan. Gishtli texnikaning asosi o‘rta asrlardayoq ishlab chiqilgan. Hech qanday o‘zgarishlarsiz bizning davrimizgacha yetib kelgan. Ayni damda qurilish ishlarida haqiqiy inqilob boimoqda. Qurilishda jadal xom ashyolarning beton, temirbeton, alyumin, plastmas, shishaning yangi turi ishlab chiqarishda texnik tomonining o‘sishi,asosiy qurilish texnikasini qaytadan ko‘rib chiqishga olib keldi. Yaqin davrlargacha ham qurilish kelib chiqishidan ibtidoiy xarakterga ega bo‘lgan bo‘lsada, barcha jarayonlar inson mehnatiga asoslangan. Hozir esa juda katta o‘zgarishlarga ega bo‘lib, ishlab chiqarishda o‘ziga xos turli tumanliklarga aylangan binolaming asosiy yirik qismlari maxsus zavodlarda va uy qurilish kombinatlarda ishlab chiqarish, qurilish joyining o‘zida qismlami montaj qilinadi. Bino konstruksiyasini ko‘tarib turuvchi asosiy xomashyolar - beton va asosan temirbeton bo‘lib, temir poMatlar bilan narxi jihatidan ham, uzoq saqlanishi va mustahkamligi bilan ham qolishmaydi. Zamonaviy qurilishda qoilaniladigan beton turli ko‘rinishlarga ega, ular - shlakobeton, gazobeton, penobeton, keramzitobeton va boshqalar bo‘lib, bir - biri bilan tarkibi, qanday xomashyolar ishlatilganligi bilan farq qiladi. Yirik ishlab chiqarish va ommaviy binolar qurilishida karkas sistemasi ko‘p qoilaniladi. Karkas metaidan yoki ko‘pincha temirbetonlardan yaratiladi.Vertikal tirgovuchlar va gorizontal balkalar ora!ig£idagi bo‘shliq binoni tashqi omillardan saqlovchi u yoki bu xomashyolar - beton bo‘ laklar, ko‘pincha g‘ ishtlar bilan to'ldiriladi. Ayrim hollarda zamonaviy me’morchilikda binolarga butunligicha yoki boiak-bo‘lak qilib shisha “ko‘ylak” kiygiziladi - ulami shisha bilan qoplanib, qavatlari karkas bilan mustahkamlangan nozik qovur- g‘alarga qotiriladi. Agar bino tashqarisida turgan bo‘lsa, tekis shisha- ning yuza qismidagi qavatlararo, tomlar, zinalar, to‘sinlami ko‘rish mumkin. Hozirgi paytda uy - joy qurilishida yirik elementli konstruksiya sistemasining to‘rttasi qoilaniladi: yirik blokli, yiriktoshli, karkas- panelli va hajmli bloklar sistemasidir. Yirikblokli sistemada tashqi va ichki kapital devoriar yirik bloklar- dan taxlanadi, ular katta beton toshlaridan iboratdir. Har bir qavatga 5- 4-3 va hatto 2 qator tosh to‘g‘ri keladi. Bunday taxlash usuli beshli- to‘rtli-uchli va ikki qatorli deb nomlanadi. Ayni paytda betonlar bilan birga alohida g‘ishtlardan zavodning o‘zidayoq tuzilgan g‘isht bloklar qoilaniladi. Tabiiyki, yirik bloklaming qoilanilishi qurilishni mexanizatsi- yalashga, bino yaratilish muddatini qisqartirib, arzonlashishiga imkon beradi. Yanada mukammal konstruktiv sistema panel va karkas paneii- dir. Yirik panel sistemasi kelib chiqishi yirik blokdandir. U o‘zida xuddi bir qatorli yirikblokli konstruksiyani mujassam qiladi. Panel bu - butun bir oddiy xonaning balandligi bir qavat va kengligi hajmdagi devor “bo‘Iagi”dir, ayrimlarida esa oynali teshiklar mavjud. Panellar faqatgina tashqi va ichki devorlar uchun emas, balki panel tomlar uchun ham boiadi. Bunday panel taxminan bir xonani yoki yarmini yopishga qodir bo‘ladi. Bino qurilishida yirik panellar aniq element hisobiga ko'ra montaj qilinadi25. Karkas - panel inshootlar yirik panellardan asosiy og‘irlik panelga tushishi bilan emas, bo‘shliq karkasga tushib, ular balka va ustunlardan iboratdir. Panellar ham shu karkasga mahkamlanadi va u ichki xonalami bir-biridan ajratadi, ulaming hammasini ko‘chadan ajratib turadi. Turli xildagi konstruksiyalardan yuqori deb nomlanuvchi variantlami qo‘llash mumkin. Masalan, ichki karkasli panel tomlar va monomentli tashqi devorlardan iborat. So‘nggi yillarda hajmli bloklar yordamida turar joy qurilishi boshlanadi. U o‘zida butun xona yoki oshxonani tashkil qilib, ular butunlay zavodda terib chiqilgan va qurilish maydonchasida kuchli kranlar yordamida o‘matilgan . Bulaming barchasi qurilishni qisqartirib va arzonlashtiribgina qolmay, uni sanoatlashtirgan, ammo uning texnik qiymatini oshirishga sharoit yaratgan. Keyinchalik zavod asosida binolaming hatto miqdor- dagi qismlarini yaratishga erishiladi. Albatta bunday qurilish metodlari uning rejali metodlarini o‘zgarishiga olib keladi. Sanoatlashishda uylar qurilishida asosan induvidual emas, tipli proyektlarda asoslanadi. Bunday proyekt bir emas ko‘pgina binolar qurilishi uchun qoilaniladi. Hamma davrlarda me’moriy - konstruktiv elementlardan biri bostirma tom yopish boigan. Temirbetonlar me’moriy munosabatda favqulodda turli xil tom yopishdagi konstruksiyalar - yengil, mustahkam va tejamkorlikni yaratishga imkon beradi. Hozirgi davrda qovurg‘asimon temirbeton tomlar bilan bir qatorda - ikkinchi darajali ustun balkalar bilan, balkasiz temirbeton o‘zida ingichka balkasiz pilita - plastinkani aks ettiruvchi usuldan foydalanadi. Ular qo‘ziqorin ko‘rinishidagi kapitelli ustunlarga tayanadi. Ko‘p hollarda katta bo'shliqli binolar romli konstruksiya bilan yopiladi va “P” ko‘rinishidagi ravoq ko‘rinishida boiadi. Zamonaviy me’morchiiikda ingichka devorli gumbaz qatlamlarini keng tarqalishiga ega bo‘lishadi. Uning qalinligi ayrim hollarda 8-10 smdan oshgan. Bo‘shliq qobig‘ida turli xil kombinatsiyalar qoilaniladi. Oradagi bo‘shliqda turli usullar qo‘llaniladi. Ayrim hollarda zamonaviy binolarda tekis temirbetonli gumbaz tomlami uchratish mumkin. Diyametri 40 metrga ega bo‘Igan. Qiya chiziqli temirbeton paneldan tashkil topgan gumbazni misol qilish mumkin. Bu gumbaz og‘ma chiziqli temirbeton panellardan iborat. Qoplamalarning vantoviy kostruksiyalari juda qiziqarlidir. Bu konstruksiyada tomlar po‘lat troslarga ilinib, ular temirbeton arka tepasida joylashadi-Zamonaviy konstruksiyalardan foydalanish me’morlar uchun mardona va ifodali kompozitsion yechimlarga erishishga imkoniyat yaratadi26. Glossariy Роу -1. Poydevor. Eng quyi va eng keng devor qismi. Yarmi yer tagiga kirgan qatlam. 2. Devor pastidagi qalinlashtirilgan qism. 3. Ustunning eng pastki qismi. U asosiy qismdan kengroq bo‘ladi27 26 The popularity o f steel buildings has increased over the years. This type of construction has always beat popular for commercial and heavy use buildings, but now it is often found in homes, apartments and retail outlets. The benefits of steel construction include design, construction and durability factors. Here are scene specific ways in which steel will provide a better choice for your next construction project. Buildings constructed o f steel are more cost effective in two ways. The initial cost of the steel is comparable to traditional framed buildings. Other building materials such as concrete, brick or stone can be even more expensive than steel. Another way that you save money with buildings o f steel is in their durability. With steel framing, you never need to replace studs due to termite damage. Steel doesn’t get dry rot and doesn't warp or twist in the way that timber can. Steel framing is not subject to splitting and cracks that can affect buildings framed in the traditional way. Buildings o f steel usually don’t use conventional erection methods. The framework of the building is bolted or welded in place and a skin is placed over the framework. The insulation and interior finishing proceeds in much the same manner as would be done with traditional construction methods. Because many steel buildings are pre-engineered, they arrive at the building site as a complete package. Experienced builders can put up an engineered building quickly. Typically, the structure is designed to be in compliance with local building codes, so there is less downtime while waiting fa* building inspectors to arrive and inspect completed portions of the building. Steel structures axe mors versatile than traditional buildings. They are often designed as units that can be adjusted as needs change. You can expand the size o f die building even after the structure is in place. Just add additional framework and mere panels to cover the increased wall space. ТЫ basic structure may be added to, shrunk and redesigned into a different floor plan if needed. A steel structure could be moved to a different location if necessary. Structurally, steel is stronger than timber. This makes it possible to create buildings that are larger or taller without additional structural support Steel construction is better able to withstand the forces o f nature. Steel will stand up to hurricane force winds, to heavy snowfall and to earthquakes in many instances. It can stand through conditions that would саше a wooden framed building to collapse. Every time steel is used in a building, a tree is saved. Whether the structure is original construction or is a remodeling project, you can be sure that an engineered steel structure is easier on the environment Timber is a diminishing resource in the world, but steel is renewable. Steel buildings are attractive, with clean, modem designs that blend with fexistmg structures in the neighborhood. If you choose steel for farm or industrial buildings, they can spruce up the surroundings with attractive colors that blend into the surroundings Harmonious blends of window designs, roof colors and wall panels make this style o f building appropriate for almost eveiy application. M .Curil. The illustrated dictionaiy of architecture. Nyu York, 2004. P.49 Yüklə Dostları ilə paylaş:
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