Kleef JW. Lumbar epidural catheter insertion: the midline vs. the paramedian
approach. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2005; 22(11): 839-42
29. Willis RJ : Caudal Epidural Blockade. In Cousins MJ, Bridenbaugh DO ( eds
):Neural Blockade. Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1988; 376-77.
30. Figueredo E. [Techniques for identifying the epidural space] Rev Esp Anestesiol
Reanim. 2005; 52(7): 401-12. Review.
31. Scott DB Identification of the epidural space: loss of resistance to air or saline?
Reg Anesth. 1997; 22(1): 1-2.
32. Ames WA, Hayes JA, Petroz GC, Roy WL. Loss of resistance to normal saline is
preferred to identify the epidural space: a survey of Canadian pediatric
anesthesiologists. Can J Anaesth. 2005; 52(6): 607-12.
33. Lang SA. The use of air for the identification of the epidural space. Reg Anesth
Pain ed. 2001; 26(4): 383.
34. Hogan QH, Prost R, Kullier A, Taylor ML, Liu S, Mark L : Magnetic
resonance imaging of cerebrospinal fluid volume and the influence of body habitus
and abdominal pressure. Anesthesiology 1996; 84: 1341-9.
35. Kayaalp O. Rasyonel tedavi yönünden tıbbi Farmakoloji. 2.Cilt. 4.Baskı, Ankara:
Feryal Matbaacılık San.ve Tic.Ltd. Şti .,1988.
36. Rawal N, Van Zundert A, Holmstöm B, Crowhurst JA. Combined spinal-
epidural technique. Reg Anesth 1997; 22: 406-23.
71
37. Felsby S, Juelsgaard P. Combined spinal epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1995;
80: 821-6.
38. Hodgkinson R, Total spinal block after epidural injection into an interspace
adjacent to an inadvertant dural perforation. Anesthesiology 1981; 55: 593-5.
39. Rawal N, Susetio J, Wesstöm G. Epidural versus combined spinal epidural block
for cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1988: 32; 61-6.
40. Ramsay M, Roberts C. Epidural injection does cause an increase in CSF pressure.
Anesth Analg 1991; 73: 668.
41. Dirkes WE, Rosenberg J, Lund C, Kehlet H. The effect of subarachnoid
lidocaine and combined subarachnoid lidocaine and epidural bupivacaine on
electrical sensory thresholds. Reg Anesth 1991; 16: 262-4
42. Collins VJ: Local anesthetics: Principles of Anesthesiology. 3th Edition. Collins
VJ (ed) Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1993; 1232-81
43. Kayhan Z: Lokal/ bölgesel anestezi yöntemleri: Klinik Anestezi. 2. Baskı. Logos
Yayıncılık, İstanbul 1997; 270-3
44. Morgan GE, Mikhail MS, Murray MJ, Larson CP. Local anesthetics, Clinical
Anesthesiology. 3rd edition. Los Angeles: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2002,
253-344.
45. Erdine S. Periferik Sinir Fizyolojisi ve Lokal Anestezik Ajanlar, Sinir Blokları.
İstanbul: Emre matbaacılık; 1993; 49-80.
46. Veering B, Strichartz G R. Local Anesthetics.In:Brown D L. Regional Anesthesia
and Analgesia.Philadelphia. 1996; 188-207.
47. McCellan KJ, Spencer CM: Levobupivacaine. Drugs 1998; 56: 355-62
48. Foster RH, Markham A: Levobupivacaine: A review of its pharmacology and use
as a local anaesthetic. Drugs. 2000; 59: 531-79
49. Tucker GT, Mather LE: Properties, absorbtion and disposition of local anesthetic
agents: Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain. 3 th
edition. Cousins MJ. Bridenbaugh PO (eds) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia 1998;
55-95.
50. Gristwood RW, Greaves JL. Levobupivacaine: a new safer long acting local
anaesthetic agent. Expert Opin İnvest Drung 1999; 8: 861-76.
51. Bardsley H, Gritswood R, Watson N et al: The local anaesthetic activity of
levobupivacaine does not differ from racemic bupivacaine (Marcaine): first clinical
evidence. Expert Opin Invest Drug. 1997; 6: 1883-85
52. McLeod GA, Burke D. Review Article: Levobupivacaine. Anaesthesia 2001; 56:
331-41.
53. Morrison SG, Dominguez JJ, Frascarola P, et al. A comparison of the
electrocardiographic cardiotoxic effets of racemic bupivacaine, levobupivacaine,
and ropivacaine in anesthetized swine. Anesth and Analg 2000; 90: 1308-14.
54. Van F, Roln PE, Brennan N, et al. Differential effects of levo and racemic
bupivacaine on the EEG in volunteers (abstract). Region Anesth Pain Med Suppl.
1998; 23: 48.
72
55. Huang YF, Pryor ME, Mather LE, et al. Cardiovascular and central nervous
system effets of intravenous levobupivacaine and bupivacaine in sheep. Anesth
Analg 1998; 86: 797-804.
56. Simonetti MPB, Fernandes L. S(-) bupivacaine and RS(±) bupivacaine: a
comparison of effects on the right and left atria of the rat (abstract). Reg Anesth
Suppl 1997; 22: 58.
57. Gunter JB, Gregg T, Varughese AM et al: Levobupivacaine for ilioinguinal/
iliohypogastric nevre block in children. Anaesth and Analg.1999; 89: 647-649
58. Cox CR, Faccenda KA, Gilhooly C et al: Extradural S (-)-bupivacaine:
comprasion with racemic RS-bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth. 1998; 80: 289-93
59. Kopacz DJ, Allen HW, Thompson GE: A comparasion of epidural
levobupivacaine with 0.75 % racemic bupivacaine for peribulbar anaesthesia.
Anaesthesia. 1998; 53: 1160-4
60. Abbott Laboratories. Chirocaine 2.5 mg/ml: Summary of product characteristics.
Cambridge. UK, 1999
61. Purdue Pharma L.P. Chirocaine (levobupivacaine injection) prescribing
information. Norwalk (CT). USA, 1 Dec 1999.
62. Burke D. Kennedy S. Bannister J. Spinal Anesthesia with 0.5% s (- ) bupivacaine
for elective lower limb surgery. Region Anesth Pain Med 1999; 24(6): 519- 23.
63. Sover RB, Phelps R W. Opioid and Nonopioid Analgesics.In: Brown D L.
Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia.Philadephia:1996; 319-56.
64. James MK, Feldman PI, Schuster JV. Opioid reseptor activity of G187084 B,a
novel ultra-short acting analgesic, in isolated tissues. J.Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991;
259: 712-8.
65. Bailey PL, Stanley TH. Pharmacology of intravenous narcotic anesthetics. In:
Anesthesia, Miller RD (ed), Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1986; 745-97
66. Berek JS. Novak Jinekoloji. 13. baskı. İstanbul. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2004.
67. Crews JC, Foreman AS, Weller RS et al: Onset, duration and dose tolerability of
levobupivacaine 0.5 % for axillary brachial plexus neural blockade (absract).
Anaesthesiology.1998; 89(3A) Suppl: A 894
68. Leighton BL, DeSimone CA, Norris MC, Ben-David B: The combination of
fentanyl and morphine intrathecally provides rapid onset of profound, prolonged
analgesia. Anesth Analg 1989; 69: 122-5.
69. Adkisson GH, Waters JH, Burger GA: Fentanyl added lidocaine results in higher
spinal anesthetic levels (abstract). Anesth Analg 1993; 76: S2.
70. Alahuhta S, Kangas-Saarela T, Hollmen AI, Edström HH: Visceral pain during
cesarean section under spinal and epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand 1990; 34: 95-8.
71. Tejwani GA, Rattan AK, Mc Donalds JS: Role of spinal opioid reseptors in the
antinociceptive interactions between intratecal morphine and bupivacaine. Anesth
Analg 1992; 74: 726-34.
73
72. Penning JP, Yaksh TL: Interaction of intratecal morphine with bupivacaine and
lidocaine in the rat. Anesthesiology 1992; 77: 1186-2000.
73. Karaman S, Kocabas S, Uyar M, Hayzaran S, Firat V, The effects of sufentanil
or morphine added to hyperbaric bupivacaine in spinal anaesthesia for caesarean
section, Eur J Anaesthesiol 2006; 23: 285-91.
74. Palmer CM, Emerson S, Volgoropolous D, Alves D. Dose-response relationship
of intrathecal morphine for postcesarean analgesia. Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 437-
44.
75. Cowan CM, Kendall JB, Barclay PM, Wilkes RG, Comparison of intrathecal
fentanyl and diamorphine in addition to bupivacaine for caesarean section under
spinal anaesthesia, Br J Anaesth 2002; 89: 452-8.
76. Sibilla C, Albertazzi P, Zatelli R, Martinello R. Perioperative analgesia for
cesarean section: Comprasion of intratecal morphine and fentanyl alone or in
combination. Int J Obstet Anesth 1997; 6: 43-8.
77. Gürkan Y, Canatay H, Ozdamar D, Solak M, Toker K. Spinal anesthesia for
arthroscopic knee surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004 Apr; 48(4): 513-7.
78. Abouleish E, Rawal N, Fallon K, Hernandez D, Combined intrathecal morphine
and bupivacaine for cesarean section, Anesth Analg 1988; 67: 370-4.
79. Yegin A, Sanli S, Hadimioglu N, Akbaş M, Karsli B. Intrathecal fentanyl added
to hyperbaric ropivacaine for transurethral resection of the prostate. Acta
Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005 Mar; 49(3): 401-5.
80. Atallah MM, Shorrab AA, Abdel Mageed YM, Demian AD. Low-dose
bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia for percutaneous nephrolithotomy: the suitability
and impact of adding intrathecal fentanyl. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006 Aug;
50(7): 798-803.
81. S. Lane, P. Evans, Z. Arfeen, U. Misra: A comparison of intrathecal fentanyl and
diamorphine as adjuncts in spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Anaesthesia,
2005; 60: 453-457
82. Kallio H, Snall EV, Suvanto SJ. Spinal hyperbaric ropivacaine-fentanyl for day-
surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005 Jan-Feb; 30(1): 48-54.
83. Sites BD., Beach M., Biggs R., et al. Intrathecal Clonidine Added to a
Bupivacaine - Morphine Spinal Anesthetic Improves Postoperative Analgesia for
Total Knee Arthroplasty, Anesthesia Analgesia 2003; 96: 1083 - 8.
84. Kang FC, Tsai YC, Chang PJ. Subarachnoid fentanyl with diluted small dose
bupivacaine for cesarean section delivery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1998;36:207-
14.
85. Kahveci ŞF, Şahin Ş. Sezaryende spinal anestezide bupivakain ve fentanil
kombinasyonu. Türk Anest ve Rean. Cem. Mec. 1994; 22: 1.
86. Swart M, Sewell J, Thomas D. Intrathecal morphine for caesarean section: an
assesment of pain relief, satisfaction and side-effects. Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 364-
81.
74
87. Zakowski M, Ramanathan S, Khoo P, Turndorf H. Plasma histamine with
intraspinal morphine in Cesarean section. Anesth Analg 1990; 70: 448.
88. Abouleish EL, Apnea following intrathecal morphine :a case report, Br J Anaesth
1989; 70: 390-4.
89.
Arai YC, Ogata J, Fukunaga K, Shimazu A, Fujioka A, Uchida T, The effect of
intrathecal fentanyl added to hyperbaric bupivacaine on maternal respiratory
function during Cesarean sect
ion, Acta Anaesth Scand 2006; 50: 364-7.
Dostları ilə paylaş: |