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Ammonizatsiya boMimining texnologik tizimi.
402
T o z a l a n g a n os h tuzi e r i t m a s i b a k d a n (1) yuv uv ch i a p p a r a t l a r g a
y u b or i l a d i . Avvalo 75% e r i t m a g az yuv u vc h i k o l o n n a g a yub or i l ad i,
q o l g a n 2 5 % q i s mi f i l t r ni ng g a z yuv u vc h i k o l o n n a s i g a (2) keladi.
E r i t m a ikki o q i m t ashki l qilib, k o l o n n a l a r d a n (2, 3) abs or bsi ya gazi
yuvuvchi k o l o n n a g a (4) kelib t ushadi. Filtr gazni yuvuvchi k o l o n n a d a
(2) f i l tr d a n k e l a y o t g a n h a v o n i n g t ar ki bi dagi a m m i a k n i ( 0 , 5 — 2%
N H 3) y u t i b ol adi . (4) k o l o n n a d a n a b s o r b e r d a n c h i q q a n g a z n i n g t ar -
k i b i d a q o l g a n a m m i a k u s h l ab ol inadi . E r i t m a k o l o n n a d a gaz la rni
y u v i l g a n d a n s o ‘ng avvalo b i r i n c h i a b so r b c r ga (5) , s o ‘ngra i kkinchi
a b s o r b e r g a (6) kiradi. E r i t m a o q i m i g a q a r a m a - q a r s h i p a s t d a n 70°C
d is til la t si ya b o ‘l i m i d a n k e l a y o t g a n a m m i a k ga z i y u bo r i l a d i . G a z
a vvalo 58° C g a c h a s ovi tgic h (7) d a sovitiladi. B i r i n c h i a b s o r b e r d a
(5) t a x m i n a n a m m i a k n i n g y a r mi e r i t m a t o m o n i d a n yutiladi. Na t i j ad a
e r i t m a n i n g t e m p e r a t u r a s i 6 0 —63°C g a q a d a r k o ‘tari ladi . I k k in c h i
a b s o r b e r d a n a m m i a k n i n g yutilishi a b s o r b e r i c h i d a j o y l a s h g a n s o v i t
gich y o r d a m i b il an sovitish y o ‘li bilan ketadi. A m m i a k bilan t o ‘yingan
e r i t m a i k k i n c h i a b s o r b e r d a n 65°C b il an s ovi tgic h ( 8) ga y ubor i ladi .
S ovit il gan e r i t m a 40° C b i l a n b a k k a (10) j o ‘nat il adi .
11.1. A M M IAK BILAN T O ‘YINTIRILGAN ERITM ANI
KARBONIZATSIYA Q IL IS H
K a r b o n i z a s i y a b o ‘l i m i d a a m m i a k bilan t o ‘y i ng an e r i t m a n i n g C 0 2
b i l a n i shlash n a t ij as i da N a H C 0 3 hosil b o ‘lishi b i lan ketadi.
N a C l + N H 3 + C 0 2 + H 20 - > N a H C 0 3 + N H 4C1
(7)
B i k a r b o n a t n i kri st al lani sh j a r a y o n i k a r b o n i z a t s i y a k o l o n n a s i n i n g
t e m p e r a t u r a re j i mi ga b o g ‘liq. Kr i s t a l l a r n in g sifatiga yu qo ri t al a b l ar
q o ‘yiladi: kr i st al lar o ‘l c h a m i b o ‘yi ch a, kr i st al lar yirik b o ‘lishi bir
jinsli b o ‘lishi s ha r t. C h u n k i keyingi t ex n o l og i k o p er a t s i y a l a r filtrlash
p e c h la r i n i ishlashi m a h s u l o t n i n g sifati kristallanishiga b o g ‘liq b o ‘ladi.
U n i n g u c h u n kri st al lani sh d a v r i d a a s t a - s e k i n sovitilib bori sh kerak.
D i o k s i d u g l e r o d n i a m m i a k l i o s h t uzi e r i t m a s i b i l a n a b s o r b s i y a
j a r a y o n i x e m o s o r b s i y a j a r a y o n i g a kiradi. Bu j a r a y o n d a faol k o m p o -
n e n t a m m i a k h i so b l a n a d i . Abs or bs iya j a r y o n i ikki b o q i c h d a n iborat
b o ‘ladi: 1 c hi b o s q i c h d a N a H C 0 3 hosil b o ‘l m a s d a n ket adi , 2 chi
b o s q i c h d a es a N a H C 0 3 kristallga t u s ha b os hl aydi . N a H C 0 3 ning
kr i st al lani sh j a r a y o n i n i , y a ’ni yirik t o ‘g ‘ri kri st al lar hosil b o ‘lishi
u c h u n a s ta sovitish b i l a n olib borili shi ke r ak, n a t i j a d a e r i t m a n i n g
k o l o n n a d a n c h i q i s h d a v r i d a t e m p e r a t u r a s i 2 0 —30°C q a d a r soviydi.
S h u n d a y qilib yu q or i sifatli kri stallar hosil b o ‘lishi u c h u n k a r b o
ni zat si ya j a r a y o n i d a t e m p e r a t u r a rejimini t o ‘g ‘ri u s hl ab turish kerak.
403
11.2. K A R BO N I Z AT S IY A B O ‘L I M I N I N G
T E X N O L O G I K S X E M A S I
A m m o n i y l i k os h t uzi e r it m a s i n a s o s o r qa l i k a r b o n i z a t s i o n ko-
l o n n a n i y u q or i q i s mi ga (1) yu b or i l ad i ( 1 1 . 1 -r as m) .
K o l o n n a n i n g pastki qi smiga esa o h a k p e c h l a r i d a n k el ayot ga n C O,
gazi yu b or i l ad i . K o l o n n a n i n g yu qo ri q i s m i d a n p as t ga t us hi b C O ,
g az i ni y ut a d i . U n i sovitish u c h u n so vi tg ic hg a ber ili b t uriladi. K o
l o n n a d a n c h i q a y o t g a n e r i t m a b i ri nc hi gaz y u v u v c h i k o l o n n a (2)ga
y ubor i ladi . K o l o n n a (2) past iga c h o ‘ktiruvchi k o l o n n a l a r d a n (7) gaz
y u b o r i l a d i , n a t i j a d a e r i t m a q o ‘s h i m c h a C O , n i y u t a d i . E r i t m a
sovit gich ( 5 ) d a sovitilib, c h o ‘kt ir uvchi k o l o n n a l a r g a (3) y ubor i ladi .
C h o ‘kt i ru vc h i k o l o n n a g a esa o h a k p e c h l a r i va o h a k p e c h l a r i d a n
c h i q q a n C O , gazi y ubor i ladi . K a r b o n i z a t s i y a j a a r y o n i n i n g yaxshi
ketishi u c h u n karbonizat siya kol on na s i n i ng pastki qismiga k omp re s so r
y o r d a m i b i l a n o h a k g az ( 7 0 —8 0 % ) ber il adi. B u a r a l a s h m a ga z s o da
p e c h l a r i d a n c h i q q a n g az 8 7 —9 1% C O , va o h a k p e c h l a r i d a n c h i q q a n
gaz ning ( 3 5 —4 0 %) aralashishi natijasida olinadi. C O , gazining qolgan
qismi ( o h a k p e c h l a r i d a n c h i q a y o t g a n ) c h o ‘k t i r u v c h i k o l o n n a l a r n i n g
(3) yu qo r i q is mi ga ber ia di . H a r o r a t n i n g k a r b o n i z a t s i y a j a r a y o n i d a
J y
S uv
S u v
Suv
1 1 .1 -ra sm .
Karbonizatsiya boMimi texnologik tizimi.
404
pasaytirish u c h u n c h o ‘ktiruvchi k o l on n al a r n i ng past qi smida suv bilan
s ovituvchi sovi tgic hla r o ‘rnashtirilgan. S h u n d a y qilib, bi ka r b o na t k a r
b o n i z a s i y a k o l o n n a l a r i d a c h o ‘ktirilib 26% li a r a l a s h m a h o l i d a v a k u -
u m filtrga y u bo r i l a d i . Aj rati lgan b i k a r b o n a t k al si nat si ya b o ‘l imiga
y ubor i ladi .
11.3. N AT RI Y B I KA R B O N A T N I N G KALS I NATS I YA
( Q I Z D I R I S H ) Q I L I S H JARAYO NI
K a r b o n i z a t s i y a b o ‘l i m i d a c h o ‘ktirilgan va v a k u u m filtrda a jr a t il
g a n b i k a r b o n a t kal si nat si ya j a r a y o n i g a y ubor i ladi . T e r m i k p a r c h a l a -
n i s h j a r a y o n i q u yi da gi reaksiya b o ‘y i c h a ketadi:
2 N a H C 0 3- » N a 2C 0 3qat. + C 0 2g + H 20 g - 1 2 5 , 6 kJ
U s h b u re aksi ya q a y t a r b o ‘lgani sababli t e m p e r a t u r a n i n g k o ‘t ar i -
lishi b i lan m u v o z a n a t u n g a siljiy boshl aydi . F a z a l a r qoi dasi nuqt ayi
n a z a r i d a n t i z i m b i t t a e r kinl ik dar ajasiga ega b o ‘lganligi sababli gaz
f a za s in in g m u v o z a n a t bo s i mi faqat t e m p e r a t u r a g a b o g ‘liq b o ‘ladi.
P i s h m a g a n b i k a r b o n a t k a t t a n a m l i k k a ega b o ‘lganligi sababli, qi zdi -
rish d a v r i d a p e c h d a yirik b o ‘l a k c h a l a r p e c h d ev o r l a r i g a yopi shi b
qolishi m u m k i n . M a z k u r h od is an i b o ‘lmasligi u c h u n x o m navli b i
k a r b o n a t k a l s i na t s i ya g a qizdirish j a r a y o n i g a y u b o r i s h d a n ilgari issiq
t a y y o r m a h s u l o t s o d a bilan a r al asht ir i la di . B uni r e t u r sodasi deb
atal adi. N a t i j a d a b i k a r b o n a t r e tu r sodasi bi lan ar al ashi b, yangi qattiq
f a za t r o n a n o m i b il an a t al ga n q o t i s h m a hosil b o ‘ladi.
N a H C 0 3 + N a 2C 0 3 + 2 H 20 - > N a 2C 0 3 • N a H C O , • 2 H 20 + 2 1, 9 kJ
Bu re aksi ya n a t ij as ida x o m n a m b i k a r b o n a t q u r u q m a y d a b o ‘lak-
c h a l a r g a a y l a n a d i va b u n d a y a r a l a s h m a n i p e c h d a kuydi ri sh a n c h a
o s o n b o ‘ladi.
3 ( N a 2C 0 3 • N a H C O , • 2 H 20 ) |q)^ N a 2C 0 3 • N a H C O , ( , +
+ 2 N a 2C 0 3(q) + 6 H 20 (g) - 320, 3 kJ
T e m p e r a t u r a 127°C d a n o s h g a n d a n s o ‘ng t r o n a t o ‘liq p a r c h a
l anadi .
2 N a 2C 0 3 • 3 N a H C 0 3 = 5 N a 2C 0 3 + 3 H 20 + 3 C 0 2
S h u n d a y qilib kalsinatsiya j ar a yoni 126°C d a n o r t i q t e m p e r a t u r a d a
olib borilishi l o z i m. Ishlab c h i q a r i s h d a j a r y o n n i t e z l as hti ri sh u c h u n
t e m p e r a t u r a 140°C q a d a r k o ‘tariladi.
405
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