A g a rd a , o ‘z ga ruvc hi b o s i m , h aj m va t e m p e r a t u r a —
P, У va T
p a r a m e t r l a r i o ‘r ni ga u l a r n i n g kelti rilgan m i q d or l a r i :
kelt irilgan bo si m
Kelt iri lgan hajm:
y a ’ni b o s i m /?, h a j m К va t e m p e r a t u r a
T
ni u l a r ni kritik n u q t ad a g i
m i q d o r l a r i g a ( 3 . 1 0 ) — (3. 12) t e n g l a m a l a r d a i foda
e t i l gan nisbatl ari
ki ri til sa, V a n - d e r V a a l s n i n g real g a z l a r u c h u n k e l t i r i l g a n h o l a t
t e n g l a m a s i n i hosil qilish m u m k i n :
Real g az ni kritik t e m p e r a t u r a d a n yu qo ri t e m p e r a t u r a l a r d a ha r
q a n d a y b o s i m q o ‘l l a n g a n d a h a m s uy u ql i k k a o ‘t kazi b b o ‘l maydi .
Real g a z l a r n i n g ideal g a z l a r d a n y a n a b ir farqi sh uk i, real gaz la r
o ‘t a qizdirilgan b u g 1 b o 'l i b, ul ar ni ng h a r biri t e m p e r a t u r a n i n g pasayi-
shi b i lan k o n d e n s a t l a n i b , suyuql ik yoki kristallga ayl ani shi m u m k i n .
Past t e m p e r a t u r a , y a ’ni c h u q u r sovuqlik o l i s h n in g
hozirgi v aqt da,
y u q o r i d a a yt ib o ' t i l g a n i d e k , ikki xil: siqilgan g az l a r n i dr os sel las h va
ta s hq i ish b aj ar ish b il an k enga yti ris h usuli bo r di r .
Drosse l l ash deb, siqilgan gazlarni i zoe nt alp / = cons t, y a ’ni e n t a l -
piyasi d o i m i y b o ' l g a n s h a r o i t d a t as hqi ish b a j a r m a y t o 6s a t d a n k e n -
gayishi n at ij as ida t e m p e r a t u r a n i n g o ‘z ga ri shiga aytil adi. Dr os se l l as h
j a r a y o n i q a y t m a s d i r .
Real ga z la rn i d ro s se l l a s h da u l ar n i n g t e m p e r a t u r a l a r i o ‘zgarishi
miqdorlarini deyarli bir vaqt da birinchi b o ‘lib Jo u l va T o m s o n topdilar.
Ideal gaz la r ni dr o ss el l ag an da ikki xil, y a ’ni
differensial va integral
effekt s o d i r b o ‘lishi m u m k i n .
J o u l - T o m s o n n i n g differensial effekti deb, b o s i m l a r n i c h e k l a n m a -
gan j u d a ki ch ik m i q d o r d a o' zgar i shi nati jasida g a z t e m p e r a t u r a s i n i n g
o ‘z ga ri shiga aytiladi va u q u yi d a g i c h a i fo da l a n is hi m u m k i n :
(3. 14)
Ke lt ir i lgan t e m p e r a t u r a :
(3. 15)
(3. 16)
i=consi
(3. 17)
80
A m a l i y o t d a diff e r ensi al effekt d eb , b o s i m n i 0,1 M P a ( y a ’ni, 1
a t m o s f e r a ) ga p a s a y t i r g a n d a t e m p e r a t u r a n i n g o ‘z ga ri shiga aytiladi.
Real ga z la rn i drossellashdagi integral effekti d eb , siqilgan gazlarni
t o ‘s a t d a n ka t t a farqdagi bo s i m b i lan e nt a l pi ya
doi miyl igi da tashqi ish
b a j a r m a y kenga yishi natijasida t e m p e r a t u r a n i n g o ‘zgarishiga aytiladi:
G a z n i n g das t l ab k i t e m p e r a t u r a s i va dr os sel las h j a r a y o n i d a u ni n g
b o s i m i p a s a y t i r i l g a n d a J o u l - T o m s o n n i n g di fferensial effekti ort adi .
J o u l - T o m s o n effekti no lg a t e n g b o ‘l gan n u q t a inversi ya nuqt asi
d e b a ta l adi, y a ’ni
Ikki i nversi ya n u q t a s i m a v j u d d i r — y a ’ni yu q or i va past ki i nv er
siya n u q t a l a r i . H a r b ir ga z u c h u n in vc r s iy an in g s h u n d a y m ak si ma l
t e m p e r a t u r a s i b o r d i r k i , u n d a n y u q or i t e m p e r a t u r a d a d r o ss el l as h
effekti
d o i m o manfi ydi r, y a ’ni drossellash natijasida gaz sovish o 'r n i ga
isib ketadi. S h u n d a y qilib, drossellash natijasida uni sovitishga erishish
u c h u n gazni d r o ss el l as h v en t i l ig a c ha b o ‘lgan dast labki t e m pe r a t u r a s i
in vc r s iy an in g yu qo ri n u q t a s i d a n past b o ‘l m o g ‘i kerak.
S h u n i h a m t a ’k i d l a m o q ker akki , h a r bir kel ti ri lgan b os i m
u c h u n i n v cr s i y an i ng ikki n u qt as i ma v j ud di r: y u q o r i n u qt as i — gaz
sohasi u c h u n va past ki n u q t a — suyuql ik sohasi u c h u n d i r .
A m a l i y o t d a s u y u q h a v o olish u c h u n z a r u r b o ‘lgan c h u q u r s o
v uql ik hosil q i l i s h d a s iqilgan h a v o n i d ro s se l l a s h
n a t ij as ida u n i n g
t e m p e r a t u r a s i n i pa s ayti ri shga e r ishi sh a l o h i d a a h a m i y a t kasb etadi.
H a v o ni bizni qizi qt ir adi gan m a n f i y t e m p e r a t u r a l a r s oh as i d a b o s h-
l a n g h c h b o s i m i R 2 = 2 0 — 30 M P a d a n oxi rgi a t m o s f e r a b o s i m i
R, = 0,1 M P a yoki q a n d a y d i r oraliq b o s i m g a c h a drossell ash n a t i j a
si da gaz ni t e m p e r a t u r a s i pasa yi shi ni kuza ti sh m u m k i n d i r .
H a v o n i su yu ql i kk a ayl ant iri sh u c h u n faqat d as tl ab siqilgan havoni
d r os se l la s hni q o ‘ll ashni o ‘zi yetarli e m a s d i r va b u j a r a y o n n i t ex n ik
j i h a t d a n a m a l g a os hi ri sh deyarli m u m k i n e m a s d i r . C h u n k i b u n i n g
u c h u n h i s o b - k i t o b l a r g a q a r a g a n d a h a v o n i j u d a y u q o r i b o s i m —
A t m o s f e r a havosi u c h u n b u m i q d o r Of, = - • A- g a t engdir.
(3.18)
a .
= 0
(3.19)
(3.20)
6
-
81
4 5000 M P a g a c h a
siqish t alab etiladi, s h u n i n g u c h u n t e x n i k a d a d ro s-
sellanish j a r a y o n i issiqlik a l m a s h i s h b il an b ir ga a m a l g a oshiri ladi.
F i k r i mi z n i n g isboti u c h u n quyi dagi 3. 2- j adval ga m u r o j a a t e t ami z.
3.2-jadval
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