Gulshani and the Khalwati-Gulshani Order. Power Brokers in Ottoman Egypt.
5 For Muḥyī’s Sīret-i Murād-i Cihān, see Arı, “Muhyî-i Gülşenî, Eserleri ve Sîret-i Murâd-ı Cihân
(İnceleme-Metin-Sözlük)”, Arı, “Muhyî-i Gülşenî’nin Sîret-i Murâd-ı Cihân İsimli Eseri”; Öz-
türk, “Muhyî-i Gülşenî’nin Siret-i Murâd-ı Cihân’ında Medenî Hikmet Tasavvuru”. For Muḥyī’s
meeting with the sultan, see Curry, “‘The meeting of the two sultans’. Three Sufi mystics
negotiate with the court of Murād III”.
6 For his panegyric poetry dedicated to a later governor of Egypt, Yavuz ‘Alī Paşa (1601-1603),
see Kelâmî-i Rûmî, Vekāyi‘-i Ali Paşa, pp. lv-lvii.
7 Muhyî-i Gülşenî, Bâleybelen, p. 38.
8 Muhyî-i Gülşenî, Bâleybelen, especially pp. 26-27; Muḥyī-i Gülşenī, Menāḳıb-i İbrāhīm-i
Gülşenī, especiall pp. 383-384 [re-edited by Mustafa Koç and Eyyüp Tanrıverdi: Menâkıb-ı
İbrâhim-i Gülşenî, Muhyî-i Gülşenî (İstanbul, 2014)].
704
Osmanlı’da İlm-i Tasavvuf
ly and temporally, as they deal but with one particular event in one particu-
lar locale at one particular point in time: a punitive expedition organized by
the local governor, Aḥmed Paşa, against a band of marauding Bedouins, the
‘Azāle, in the Egyptian countryside in 999/1594. Before zooming in on these
texts, however, let us first familiarize ourselves with the governor and the Bed-
ouins as the second and third main character of this chapter.
As for Ḫādım Ḥāfıẓ Aḥmed Paşa, who governed Egypt from 999/1591 to
1004/1595, his full biography remains to be written
9
. However, a starting point
— sufficient for the present purpose — is offered by the Sicill-i ‘Osmānī:
“Of Albanian origin, he was raised in the Enderūn and was appointed as
kilerci başı. Following the beylerbeylicate of Cyprus, in 998/1590 he be-
came vizier and vālī of Egypt, followed by the governorship of Bosnia in
1003/1594-95. While he defeated 2,000 enemies in a battle [i.e. the siege of
Eger as part of the Long Turkish War] in 1005/1596-97, he suffered defeat at
the Danube in 1006/1597-98 and was subsequently dismissed from office.
He was reappointed as vizier and became the ḳāymaḳām of the grand vizier
in 1008/1599-60. Dismissed from the latter office after 10 months, he was
appointed as the muḥāfıẓ of Anatolia. In 1012/1603-04, he was imprisoned in
Yedikule. In Muḥarrem 1013/1604, he was appointed as ḳāymaḳām a second
time. Dismissed again, he performed the Hajj in 1016/1607-08 and retired.
He passed away in Istanbul on Ramadan 23 1022/November 6 1613. He is
buried in the Küçük Karaman Camii in the Fātiḥ neighbourhood. He had
a mosque, a medrese and a dārü’l-ḳurrā’ built in 1004/1595-96. The people
loved listening to him reciting the Quran, given his beautiful voice. He was
a wise and moderate man.”
10
Drawing on Ḥasan Bey-Zāde’s Tārīḫ, Kātib Çelebī’s Fezleke and Muṣṭafā Ṣāfī’s
Zübdetü’t-Tevārīḫ, Kaçan Erdoǧan and Bayrak have elaborated on Meḥmed
Süreyyā’s entry, adding some dates and other details regarding the ups and
downs of Aḥmed’s overall career and the military operations he was involved
in, against, among others, several Celālī leaders.
11
Yet, when it comes to his
9 Quite some Ottomans went by the name of Ḥāfıẓ Aḥmed Paşa, and the present Aḥmed has
been confused especially with his more famous namesake, the 17th-century grand vizier Fi-
libeli Ḥāfıẓ Aḥmed Paşa (see Köprülü, “Ḥāfıẓ Aḥmed Paşa”, p. 76, for Aḥmed’s misattributed
mosque complex in Fatih, and his endowed book collection in the Süleymaniye Library; Eyice,
“Hâfız Ahmed Paşa Camii ve Külliyesi”, p. 86).
10 Süreyyā Meḥmed, Sicill-i ‘Osmānī, II: 556.
11 Kaçan - Bayrak, “Hadım Hafız Ahmed Paşa’nın Mısır’daki Evkafı”, here pp. 2-5.
705
Osmanlı’da İlm-i Tasavvuf
years in Egypt, Erdoǧan and Bayrak do little more than specifying this ten-
ure, which lasted from the middle of 999/1591 up to the beginning of Receb
1003/March 1595. Consequently, it is clear that, when zooming in onto Aḥmed’s
Egyptian years, we need to look into the local Egyptian sources first and fore-
most. This exercise, however, is neither as easy nor as rewarding as one would
hope. While the aftermath of the Ottoman conquest is fairly well-covered by
authors such as İbn İyās and al-Diyārbakrī, and historiographical produc-
tion picks up speed again by the time of the “Second Ottoman Conquest of
Egypt”
12
in the early 17
th
century, the intermediate decades are hardly covered.
Admittedly, more recent research of, among others, Daniel Crecelius, Nelly
Hanna, Jane Hathaway, Seyyid Muhammed, Otfried Weintritt and Michael
Winter has enabled us to fill in some of the many gaps and to move beyond
the pioneering works of Peter Holt and others. Still, at present we are able
to reconstruct his governorate in its broadest possible outlines.
13
Making due
with what we have got, let us now cull some of the major sources, starting at
the turn of the 16
th
century and then moving up to the early 18
th
century. As
fraught with problems as it may be, al-İsḥāḳī’s Aḫbār al-Uwal, which ends in
1031/1621-22, does offer us a convenient starting point:
“Then Aḥmed became governor on Ramaḍān 17 999. He was affectionate
towards the ‘ulamā’ and the fuḳarā’, a wise man and a good administrator.
He built a large rest house (wakāla) and a small rest house, a market place,
a coffeehouse, houses and apartments at Būlāḳ, Cairo, in the vicinity of the
firewood storehouses. He built a place of worship in the large rest house
that overlooked the Nile, thereto appointing some personnel; it is a place
of Islamic rites. He also built in Rosetta a rest house, a coffeehouse and
apartments, and a pond on the Pilgrims Road, to the benefit of the pilgrims.
When he was dismissed from the office of paşa of Egypt and returned to
the imperial thresholds, divine providence came to his aid and he was ap-
pointed to the office of grand vizier (wizāra ‘uẓmā) (sic). The people thanked
him and he was praised during his office. He then resigned from the office
of vizier and asked permission to go on Hajj. This permission was granted,
12 Sabra, “‘The Second Ottoman Conquest of Egypt’: Rhetoric and Politics in Seventeenth Cen-
tury Egyptian Historiography”, pp. 149-177.
13 Good starting points are offered by, among others, Hanna, “The Chronicles of Ottoman
Egypt: History or Entertainment?”, pp. 237-250; Hathaway, “Sultans, pashas, taqwims,
and mühimmes”, pp. 51-78; Holt, “Ottoman Egypt (1517-1798)”, pp. 3-12; Shaw, “Turkish
source-materials for Egyptian history”, pp. 28-48; Weintritt, Arabische Geschichtsschreibung
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