Osmanlı’da
İlm-i Tasavvuf
Editörler
ERCAN ALKAN
OSMAN SACİD ARI
OSMANLI’DA İLİMLER DİZİSİ | 3
701
Osmanlı’da İlm-i Tasavvuf
A Sufi Performing Empire: Reading Two
Unpublished Works of Muh.yı--i Gülşenı-
(d. 1604-05)
*
Kristof D’hulster
Postdoctoral research fellow of the Research Foundation – Flanders, Belgium.
This contribution
1
starts from a minor footnote to the history of Ottoman Egypt
at the end of the 16
th
century: an Ottoman punitive expedition against a band
of marauding Bedouins, organized by the local governor, Ḥāfıẓ Aḥmed Paşa.
This expedition was by no means exceptional: throughout the ages, hundreds,
if not thousands of similar tecrīdes must have been organized. The non-ex-
ceptional nature of this event might explain why historiographical narrative
either omitted it all together, or referred to it most briefly. Nonetheless, three
small, unpublished Ottoman works have come to light that all deal exclusively
with this expedition: a mesnevī and a risāle written by Muḥyī-i Gülşenī, and
another mesnevī written by Kelāmī-i Rūmī
2
.
Obviously, these texts are meaningful on the local level first and foremost, as
these strongly supplement our scant knowledge of the expedition, of Aḥmed’s
* The author is grateful to the organizers of the 2017 symposium of the İstanbul Araştırma ve
Eǧitim Vakfı (İSAR) for the opportunity to present his research, as well as the Dār al-Kutub al-
Miṣrıyya for the permission to work on its materials. Moreover, he wishes to thank Frédéric
Bauden, Mounira Chapoutot-Remadi, John Curry, Side Emre, Heinz Grotzfeld, Kaya Şahin,
and Peter Verkinderen for their useful comments and invaluable help in procuring some of
the unpublished materials.
1 The topic of this contribution will be dealt with more exhaustively in a forthcoming article,
which will present, among others, a more detailed account of Aḥmed’s beylerbeylicate and
of the history of the ‘Azāle Bedouins, as well as a full edition of the two works of Muḥyī and
the work of Kelāmī.
2 Kelāmī-i Rūmī, Risāle-i ‘Azāle-i Vācibü’l-İzāle, Dār al-Kutub al-Waṭanīya al-Tūnisīya, Ms. 9592,
ff. 1v-25r; Maktabat al-Malik ‘Abd al-‘Azīz, al-Şayḫ‘Ārif Ḥikmat, Ms. 4227 (a mesnevī of 526
verses).
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Osmanlı’da İlm-i Tasavvuf
governorate, and of the ‘Azāle Bedouins targeted. While I start by offering a
“localized” reading, I will quickly move beyond Cairo of the 1590s. As I will
argue, the true importance of these texts — that is, their actual relevance —
lies elsewhere. Trifling as this expedition may have been, small as the texts
are, and local as their topic and their intended audiences must have been, I
suggest to zoom out of these texts and to juxtapose them. By doing so, I argue
that these texts transcend the triviality of the incident and the circumscribed
spatial and temporal locality of the Egyptian countryside of the 1590s. Thus,
refocusing I will demonstrate how we can relate these texts to transformative
trends of much greater, indeed, of imperial scale. We can use them to further
our understanding of some major realignments of political, religious, spiritual
and judicial authority, and through them, we can illustrate the era’s intense
experimentation in the area of rule, law, and religion.
In the following, I start by introducing the three key players: author Muḥyī-i
Gülşenī, the Egyptian governor Aḥmed Paşa, and the marauding ‘Azāle Bed-
ouins. Kelāmī is not included here, as I will deal with his mesnevī, the Risāle-i
‘Azāle-i Vācibü’l-İzāle, elsewhere. Having thus set the scene, I will zoom in onto
Muḥyī’s two texts, thus allowing the reader to familiarize himself with the par-
ticular expedition and the two distinct ways in which Muḥyī dealt with this.
Next, I will zoom out of the texts and out of Cairo of the 1590s. I will identify
some of the multiple dimensions of the author’s identity, as these transpired
in his two ‘Azāle-Nāmes, and relate these to a number of larger, imperial-wide
transformative trends. I conclude by juxtaposing the two texts. Rethinking
these as the two halves of a literary dyptich allows us, so I argue, to appreciate
how Muḥyī reified a particular vision of empire.
I. Setting the scene
Before looking into the two texts, it is worthwhile to set the scene by introduc-
ing the three main characters.
First, there is the author of these two unpublished texts, Muḥyī-i Gülşenī
(1529-1604). While, for a long time, Muḥyī was remembered first and foremost
as the author of the Menāḳib-i İbrāhīm-i Gülşenī —the hagio-biography of the
founder of the Gülşenīye ṭarīḳa
3
— and as the inventor of Bāleybelen — one
3 Finally some good news regarding the Cairo tekke, which is in a dilapidated state: it has now
been included on the 2018 World Monuments Watch, so there is still hope for this unique
site! See https://www.wmf.org/project/takiyyat-ibrahim-al-gulshani.
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Osmanlı’da İlm-i Tasavvuf
of the oldest artificial languages attested — our current understanding of this
prolific author has grown considerably, both in scope and in depth. Not only
are there ever more of his roughly forty titles becoming available - through the
editorial work of Berat Açıl, Abdullah Arı, Mustafa Koç, Çelik Nülüfer, Abdul-
lah Tümsek, and Ceren Ulusoy, to name but a few — also our understanding
of his milieu and of the Ḫalvetī ṭarīḳa that gave him his nisba is developing
at great pace — through the studies of, among others, Abdurrahman Adak,
Mehmet Akay, Hüseyin Akpınar, Muhsin Macit, Özkan Öztürk, and Uǧurtan
Yapıcı in Turkey, and John Curry and Side Emre in the United States of Amer-
ica. In light of this growing body of literature, there is little need to introduce
the Gülşenīye and Muḥyī, especially in a volume such as the present one.
Here, it should suffice to highlight three elements of Muḥyī’s biography that
remain little explored. First, there is his networking in Istanbul and Cairo, as
reflected by, among others, his active search for patronage
4
through panegyric
poetry and other works dedicated to the sultans Süleymān and Murād III
5
,
and to a range of local officials in Egypt
6
, including pashas, başdefterdārs and
muftis. Second, there is his judicial activity, being appointed as a nā’ib ḳāżī in
Cairo (the qadiship offered to him in the mid-1560s he turned down).
7
Third,
there is his acquaintance with grand mufti Ebū’s-Su‘ūd, which dates back to
his Istanbul days in the 1540s.
8
These three dimensions are highlighted here
for a reason, as they actually meet in the two works that are the subject of the
present chapter, the ‘Azāle-Nāme-i Manẓūm and the ‘Azāle-Nāme-i Mensūr.
Both works are small as compared to some of Muḥyī’s other titles, and — at
least on the surface — their significance is highly circumscribed, both local-
4 It would be interesting to explore whether - and if so, how - his active search for patronage
was connected to his position at the Cairo tekke of the Gülşenīye. Did he lose the battle over
its leadership in 1579 because of a patronage all too close, or was this patronage rather his
response to lost status? For his patronage and network ties in general, see Emre, Ibrahim-i
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