wa al-fitna; while in the 1469 entry, he has sultan Qāytbāy replying to com-
plaints over their fasād and nahb by summoning the district heads to decap-
itate them.
26
Little surprise then that these ‘Azāle were the target of various
tecrīdes. The 1498 tecrīde, for example, is depicted in fairly gruesome detail by
İbn Iyās: men in iron chains, women bound with ropes and with decapitated
heads hung around their neck, nailed onto boards and paraded through town
on camel back….
27
Of course, all this strikes a familiar chord. These Mamluk
sources prove that there is nothing new, neither in the ‘Azāle’s brigandage at
neciliǧi, IV: 234.
22 For Bedouins in the Mamluk and Ottoman period, see, among others, Aharoni, The Pasha’s
Bedouin. Tribes and state in the Egypt of Mehmet Ali, 1805-1848; Rapoport, “Invisible Peasants,
Marauding Nomads: Taxation, Tribalism, and Rebellion in Mamluk Egypt”; Shwartz, Die Bed-
uinen in Ägypten in der Mamlukenzeit; Winter, Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule 1517-1798.
23 References are scattered over a wide array of sources, including the works of al-Ṣayrafī, İbn
Taġrībirdī, İbn Zunbul, İbn Iyās, al-Nahrawālī, Damurdāşī, İbn Abī l-Surūr, and al-Cazīrī. Still,
their history can be reconstructed only piecemeal.
24 Either with ‘ayn or ġayn, and with a single zā’ or a double zā’. While Murtaḍā al-Zābidī’s Tāc
el-‘Arūs records only ‘Azzāla, the manuscript evidence of both Muḥyī and Kelāmī rather point
at ‘Azāle.
25 Evliyā Çelebi’s Nile Map records a locality called Ḫabīroġlu ḳaṣabası (see Dankoff R. & Tez-
can N., Evliyâ Çelebi’nin Nil Haritası, p. 80, Ja6, Ja10, Ja11). The Déscription de l’Égypte records
a locality called Ma‘ādī Ḫabīrī, close to the Pyramids, where they used to operate a ferry
(ma‘diya) over the Nile.
26 Al-Ṣayrafī, İnbā’ al-Ḥasr bi Abnā’ al-‘Aṣr, pp. 32, 125.
27 İbn İyās, Badā’i‘ al-zuhūr fī waqā’i‘ al-duhūr, III: 405-410.
709
Osmanlı’da İlm-i Tasavvuf
the end of the 16
th
century, nor in Aḥmed Paşa’s expedition against them. In
fact, there is even nothing new in the fact that Aḥmed’s 1594 tecrīde received a
literary rendering, both by Muḥyī and by Kelāmī-i Rūmī. The 1498 Mamluk
tecrīde, for example, was the subject of a long zacal by Badr al-Dīn al-Zaytūnī
that begs comparison with Muḥyī’s mesnevī: “In the domains they spread cor-
ruption
*
Because of which killing them is a religious duty!” (Fī al-arāḍī sa‘aw
fasād
*
Li ajli dhā qatluhum wājiba)! Every now and then, the ‘Azāle weighed
politically as well: in 1495, they sided with Aḳbirdī al-Dawādār in his struggle
against Muḥammad b. Ḳāytbāy, and in 1516, they fought on the side of the Ot-
tomans against Ṭūmānbāy, the last Mamluk sultan. Supposed to keep them in
check and acting as the main liaison between the group and the state was their
leading family of the Banū Ḫabīr (or Ḫabīr Oġulları or Ḫabīrī). Indeed, it was
always one of their ranks whom the Ottomans appointed as the şeyḫ el-‘Arab
of the district of Giza: İbn Sallām (or Sālim?), circa 1499; Ḥammād, circa 1517,
who attained the rank of sancaḳ bey; Ca‘far, murdered in 1594; the latter’s son,
‘Alī, at least until 1608; ‘Umrān, circa 1713; and Aḥmad, circa 1799. Whereas the
‘Azāle were clearly a liability, these Ḫabīrīs were not. Ḥammād and his broth-
er, Sallāma, for example, were fully o-opted, even joining Sinān Pasha in his
Yemen Campaign.
II. Zooming in on the texts
Having familiarized ourselves with the prolific Muḥyī-i Gülşenī, beylerbey
Aḥmed Paşa, and the marauding ‘Azāle Bedouins as the three key players,
let us now turn our attention to Muḥyī’s texts themselves: the ‘Azāle-Nāme-i
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