Box 4 - Examples of bucket-scoring by type of risk indicator
The following examples illustrate how the individual risk scores (IRSs), from a range of 0 to 100,
should be assigned to various buckets for different types of risk indicators.
GUIDELINES ON METHODS FOR CALCULATING CONTRIBUTIONS TO DGS
32
Scenario 1
Five buckets; a risk indicator for which higher values indicate higher risk (for example, NPL ratio)
Buckets
Boundaries
IRS
Bucket 1
< 2%
0
Bucket 2
≤ 2 – 3.5% <
25
Bucket 3
≤ 3.5 – 5% <
50
Bucket 4
≤ 5 - 7% <
75
Bucket 5
≥ 7%
100
Scenario 2
Three buckets; a risk indicator for which higher values indicate higher risk (for example, NPL ratio)
Buckets
Boundaries
IRS
Bucket 1
< 2%
0
Bucket 2
≤ 2 - 7% >
50
Bucket 3
≥ 7%
100
Scenario 3
Four buckets; a risk indicator for which higher values indicate lower risk (for example, liquidity
ratio)
Buckets
Boundaries
IRS
Bucket 1
> 60%
0
Bucket 2
< 40 – 60% ≤
33
Bucket 3
< 20 - 40% ≤
66
Bucket 4
≤ 20%
100
Scenario 4
Two buckets; a risk indicator with binary values that can be either neutral or negative to the risk
profile assessment (for example, Excessive balance sheet growth ratio)
Buckets
Boundaries
IRS
Bucket 1
< 15%
50
Bucket 2
≥ 15%
100
Scenario 5
Two buckets; risk indicator with binary values that can be either positive or neutral to the risk
profile assessment (for example, institution belonging to the low-risk sector regulated under the
national law should be regarded as less risky, whereas the institutions not belonging to the
low-risk sectors should be considered as posing an average risk).
Buckets
Boundaries
IRS
Bucket 1 Institution belonging to a low-risk sector
0
Bucket 2 Institution not belonging to the low-risk sector
50
GUIDELINES ON METHODS FOR CALCULATING CONTRIBUTIONS TO DGS
33
Aggregate risk score (ARS)
6.
Each IRS for an institution ‘i' should be multiplied by an indicator weight (IW
j
) assigned to a
specific risk indicator. It should then be summed up to an aggregate risk score ( ARS
i
) using an
arithmetic average.
7.
The weights assigned to each indicator ‘i' (IW
j
) should be the same for all institutions and
calibrated by using supervisory assessment and/or historical data on failures of institutions.
8.
The structure of the described model could be as follows:
Risk
indicator
Indicator
weight
Buckets
Individual risk
scores (IRS)
Indicator
A
1
B
1
…
…
M
1
Indicator
A
2
B
2
…
…
M
2
…
…
…
…
Indicator
A
n
B
n
…
…
M
n
Scenario 6
Three buckets; risk indicator with non-standard interpretation of results (for example, RoA) where
both negative values (losses) as well as the excessive values of the indicator may indicate that the
institution has a high risk profile.
Buckets
Boundaries
IRS
Bucket 1
≤ 0 – 2% ≤
0
Bucket 2
< 2 – 15% ≤
50
Bucket 3
< 0% or > 15%
100
Please note that in examples under Scenarios 1-4 the mapping of the individual risk scores (IRS) to
buckets is linear (for example, 0 – 33 – 66 – 100). This is not the general requirement and for
some risk indicators applying a non-symmetrical allocation of the IRS within the range of 0-100
(for example, 0 – 25 – 50 – 90 – 100) may be warranted in order to properly reflect the cases
where the institution becomes significantly more risky when the indicator’s value reaches a
specific threshold.
GUIDELINES ON METHODS FOR CALCULATING CONTRIBUTIONS TO DGS
34
9.
The aggregate risk score (
) for institution ‘i' should be calculated for each institution
according to the following formula:
Where
, and
, for some in
(i.e. the bucket corresponding to indicator )
Aggregate risk weight (ARW)
10.
Every
should have a corresponding aggregate risk weight (ARW
i
), which should be used
to calculate the contribution of an individual member institution (C
i
) according to the
contribution formula specified in paragraph
35 of these guidelines.
Risk classes
11.
The ARW may be calculated via a bucketing method, where ranges for the ARS are defined in
such a way that they correspond to a particular risk class and ARW (see table below).
Risk Class
Aggregate risk score (ARS)
boundaries
Aggregate risk
weight (ARW)
1
≤
2
≤
3
≤
…
…
…
12.
The number of risk classes should be proportionate to the number and variety of DGS
member institutions. However, the number of risk classes should be four as a minimum. There
should be at least one risk class for member institutions with an average risk, at least one risk
class for low-risk members, and at least two risk classes for high-risk institutions.
Box 5 - Example – application of aggregate risk weights to institutions
The following example illustrates how the aggregate risk weight (ARW) might be assigned to the
member institutions on the basis of the values of the aggregate risk scores and assuming that
there are four risk classes with risk weights (75%, 100%, 125% and 150%) assigned to each class in
the following manner:
Risk class
Boundaries for ARS
ARW
1
< 40
75%
2
≤ 40 – 55 <
100%
3
≤ 55 – 70 <
125%
4
≥ 70
150%
GUIDELINES ON METHODS FOR CALCULATING CONTRIBUTIONS TO DGS
35
(ii)
The ‘sliding scale’ method
Individual risk indicators
13.
In this method, for each institution, an Individual Risk Score (
) will be calculated for each
risk indicator . Each indicator should have an upper and a lower boundary, and
defined. When a higher indicator value indicates a riskier institution and the indicator is above
the upper boundary, the
will be a fixed value of 100. Similarly, when the indicator’s value
is below the lower boundary, the
will be 0. Analogously, if a lower indicator indicates a
riskier situation and the indicator is below the lower boundary, the
will be a fixed value
of 100. Correspondingly, when the indicator value is above the upper boundary, the
will
be 0.
14.
If the indicator’s value is between the defined boundaries, the
will lie between 0 and
100. Each
has a pre-determined risk-weight which is used to calculate the aggregate risk
score for each institution ‘i' (
). By design, in this model the
will always be a value
between 0 and 100.
15.
For each risk indicator a determination of the upper and lower boundaries and should
ensure there is sufficient and meaningful differentiation of member institutions. The
calibration of these boundaries should take into account, where available, the regulatory
requirements applicable to the member institutions and historical data on the indicator’s
values. The DGS should avoid calibrating the upper and lower boundaries in such a way that
all member institutions, despite significant differences in the area measured by a particular
risk indicator, will persistently fall either below the lower or above the upper boundary.
16.
The structure of the described model could be as follows:
Risk indicator
Indicator
weight
Upper
boundary
Lower
boundary
Individual risk
scores (IRS)
Indicator
Indicator
…
…
…
…
…
Indicator
For instance, if the ARS for a given institution is 62 this institution should be classified into the
third risk class and the ARW of 125% should be assigned to it.
GUIDELINES ON METHODS FOR CALCULATING CONTRIBUTIONS TO DGS
36
Where:
.
17.
For each risk indicator , its value will correspond to an output score (
), defined as
follows:
, where j = 1…n
or
, where j = 1…n
Aggregate risk score (ARS)
18.
The aggregate risk score (
) for an institution ‘i' will be calculated as
.
Aggregate risk weight (ARW)
19.
The ARS
i
might be translated into an aggregate risk weight (ARW
i
) by using a ‘sliding scale’
method based either on a linear or exponential formula.
20.
The following linear formula can be used to translate ARS
i
into the ARW
i
:
In this method, the
associated to the
is linear, with an upper and lower boundary,
and , for example, 150% and 75%, respectively. For a given institution where the
is
100 (the riskiest score), the corresponding risk weight will be , the highest risk weight.
Similarly, if the
is 0, the corresponding risk weight will be , the lowest risk weight. The
graph below illustrates the linear behaviour of the suggested formula.
GUIDELINES ON METHODS FOR CALCULATING CONTRIBUTIONS TO DGS
37
21.
The following exponential formula can be used to translate ARS
i
into the ARW
i
C1
O
In this method, the
associated to the
is exponential, with an upper and lower
boundary, and , for example, 150% and 75%. For a given institution where the
is 100
(the riskiest score), the corresponding risk weight will be , the highest risk weight. Similarly, if
the
is 0, the corresponding risk weight will be , the lowest risk weight. The graph below
illustrates the non-linear behaviour of the suggested formula so that there is a higher increase
in the contribution when an institution lies on the higher end of the risk scale. This formula
presents a stronger incentive for institutions to have a lower risk score, when compared to a
linear method. The calculation method may also include non-linear methods other than the
logarithmic one presented in this annex.
GUIDELINES ON METHODS FOR CALCULATING CONTRIBUTIONS TO DGS
38
Annex 2 - Description of core risk indicators
Indicator name
Formula / Description
Comments
Sign
1. Capital
1.1.Leverage
ratio
This formula should be replaced by
the leverage ratio as defined in
Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 once it
becomes fully operational.
The aim of the leverage ratio
is to measure the capital
position regardless of the risk
weighting of the assets.
(-)
A higher
value
indicates
lower risk
1.2. Capital
coverage ratio
or
Capital coverage ratio
measures the actual capital
held by a member institution
in excess of the total capital
requirements applicable to
that institution, including
additional own funds required
pursuant to Article 104(1)(a)
of Directive 2013/36/EU.
(-)
A higher
value
indicates
lower risk
1.3. Common
Equity Tier 1
ratio (CET1
ratio)
Where:
‘risk-weighted assets’ means the
total risk exposure amount as
defined in Article 92(3) of Regulation
(EU) No 575/2013.
The CET1 ratio expresses the
amount of capital held by an
institution. A high ratio
indicates good
loss-absorption capacity
which can mitigate risks from
the institution’s business
activities.
(-)
A higher
value
indicates
better risk
mitigation
2. Liquidity and funding
2.1. Liquidity
Coverage Ratio
(LCR)
LCR ratio as defined in Regulation
(EU) No 575/2013 once it becomes
fully operational.
The aim of the LCR ratio is to
measure an institution’s
ability to meet its short-term
debt obligations as they come
due. The higher the ratio, the
larger the safety margin to
meet obligations and
unforeseen liquidity
shortfalls.
(-)
A higher
ratio
indicates
lower risk
GUIDELINES ON METHODS FOR CALCULATING CONTRIBUTIONS TO DGS
39
2.2. Net stable
funding ratio
(NSFR)
NSFR ratio as defined in Regulation
(EU) No 575/2013 once it becomes
fully operational.
The aim of the NSFR ratio is
to measure an institution’s
ability to match the maturity
of its assets and liabilities.
The higher the ratio, the
better the maturity match
and the lower the funding
risk.
(-)
A higher
ratio
indicates
lower risk
2.3. Liquidity
ratio (national
definition)
Where:
‘liquid assets’ as defined in the
national regulations for supervising
credit institutions (to be replaced
with the LCR ratio when in force).
Transitional indicator.
The aim of the liquidity ratio
is to measure an institution’s
ability to meet its short term
debt obligations as they
become due. The higher the
ratio, the larger the safety
margin to meet obligations
and unforeseen liquidity
shortfalls.
(-)
A higher
value
indicates
lower risk
3. Asset quality
3.1 Non-
performing
loans ratio (NPL
ratio)
or alternatively, in cases where
national accounting or reporting
standards do not impose on
institutions an obligation to report
data on debt Instruments:
Where (in both cases):
‘non-performing loans’ as defined in
the national regulations for the
purpose of supervising credit
institutions.
‘Non-performing loans’ should be
reported gross of provisions.
The NPL ratio gives an
indication of the type of
lending an institution engages
in. A high degree of credit
losses in the loan portfolio
indicates lending to high-risk
segments / customers.
(+)
A higher
value
indicates
higher risk
4. Business model and management
GUIDELINES ON METHODS FOR CALCULATING CONTRIBUTIONS TO DGS
40
4.1. Risk-
weighted assets
(RWA) / Total
assets ratio
Where:
‘risk-weighted assets’ means the
total risk exposure amount as
defined in Article 92(3) of Regulation
(EU) No 575/2013
The level of RWA gives an
indication of the type of
lending an institution engages
in. A high ratio indicates that
an institution engages in risky
activities.
For this ratio, the guidelines
permit use of different
calibration for institutions
using advanced methods (for
example, IRB) or standardised
methods for calculating
minimum own funds
requirements.
(+)
A higher
value
indicates
higher risk
4.2 Return on
assets (RoA)
RoA measures an institution’s
ability to generate profits. A
business model which is able
to generate high and stable
returns indicates lower risk.
However, unsustainably high
levels of RoA also indicate
higher risk. Institutions which
have restrictions on their level
of profitability due to
provisions under national law
or in their statutes, should not
be disadvantaged by the
calculation method.
To avoid including one-off
events and avoid pro-
cyclicality in contributions, an
average of at least 2 years
should be used.
(+)/(-)
Negative
values
indicate
higher risk
but too high
values can
also indicate
high risk
5. Potential losses for the DGS
5.1.
Unencumbered
assets / covered
deposits
Where: ‘encumbered assets’ is
defined in the EBA guidelines on
disclosure of encumbered and
unencumbered assets
This ratio measures the
degree of expected
recoveries from the
bankruptcy estate of the
institution which was
resolved or put into normal
insolvency proceedings. An
institution with a low ratio
exposes the DGS to higher
expected loss.
(-)
A higher
value
indicates
lower risk
GUIDELINES ON METHODS FOR CALCULATING CONTRIBUTIONS TO DGS
41
Annex 3 - Description of additional risk indicators
1.
The following list of additional risk indicators is provided for illustration purposes only.
2.
Where data on specific items used in the formulas presented below is not covered by the
national financial or regulatory reporting templates, the DGS may use equivalent items from its
national templates.
Indicator name
Formula / Description
Comments
Sign
3. Asset quality
Level of
forbearance
Where:
‘exposures with forbearance
measures’ as defined in the EBA
guidelines on supervisory
reporting on forbearance and
non-performing exposures
This ratio measures the extent to
which counterparties of the
institution have been granted
modification of terms and
conditions of their loan contracts.
The ratio gives information on the
forbearance policy of the
institution and it may be compared
to the level of default itself. A high
value of this ratio indicates known
problems in the loan portfolio of
the institutions or potential low
quality of other assets.
(+)
A higher
value
indicates
higher risk
Dostları ilə paylaş: |