244
Memories of Mirrors
century historiographers were confronting.
8
In Sasaki Kaoru’s analysis,
both works also promote Confucian notions of rule by virtue, even as
they embody diff erent positions.
Gods and Sovereigns
speaks to the South-
ern Court’s values and its allegiance with the traditional court elite;
Plums and Pines
reflects the Northern Court’s position, including its reli-
ance upon warrior power.
9
The challenge underlying each work at a ba-
sic level is that of winning readers to its cause in an unstable polity with
two courts competing for legitimacy. The differing rhetorical strategies
are reminiscent of those seen in
The Mirror of the East
and
The Mirror of
the Watchman in the Fields
:
Gods and Sovereigns
has no place but prom-
ises an amorphous principle, while
Plums and Pines
offers no explicit
principle but grounds its narrative in a very particular place.
Kitabatake Chikafusa’s
Gods and Sovereigns
relates the imperial ge-
nealogy from the age of the gods through the reign of the Southern Court
emperor Gomurakami (1328–68). In returning its reader to a world fa-
miliar from the earliest
Mirrors
(the imperial court), it also takes up a fa-
miliar genre (the chronicle) for asserting an orthodox position. There are
few obvious commonalities with the other
Mirrors
beyond a broad inter-
est in narrativizing historical events: for instance,
Gods and Sovereigns
ap-
pears unconcerned with the prestige gained or lost through its selected
linguistic medium, with the oldest manuscripts in mixtures of Chinese
characters and
kana
.
10
Yet given Chikafusa’s claim in the first section that
8. There are conflicting assessments of the fate of
Gods and Sovereigns
, depending
in part on its presumed original audience. Iwasa Masashi, for instance, assumes an impe-
rial audience and conjectures a wide reading in the Southern Court and among the war-
riors of the East, with the latter claim based on the proliferation of errors that resulted
in a revised edition of 1343 (
Jinnō shōtōki
, 12). On later medieval engagement with and
additions to the work, see ibid., 21–24. Conlan attributes the revisions to an effort “to
further persuade eastern warriors to support the Southern Court,” without suggesting
that these were successful (
From Sovereign to Symbol
, 71). Varley mainly skirts the issue
of contemporary reception, other than noting that Chikafusa did not manage to persuade
Yūki Chikatomo to back the Southern Court (Kitabatake Chikafusa and H. Paul Varley,
Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns
, 5–6). Shuzo Uyenaka provides the harshest character-
ization, observing, “The
Jinnō shōtōki
apparently failed to perform its immediate func-
tion of rallying north-eastern warriors to the loyalist cause” (“Study of
Baishōron
,” 63).
9. Sasaki Kaoru,
Nihon chūsei shisō no kichō
, 137–38.
10. On the various manuscripts, see Iwasa,
Jinnō shōtōki
, 13–18. This being said, if
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