4
Introduction
What Is a
Mirror
?
The cosmological histories that form the core of this study date from be-
tween the mid-Heian (794–1185) and early Muromachi (1336–1573) peri-
ods, with most concentrated in the final decades of the Heian period (the
1170s and 1180s) and the Kamakura period (1185–1333). The group con-
sists of seven
Mirrors
—
The Great Mirror
,
Imakagami
(The New Mirror,
1174 or 1175),
Mizukagami
(The Water Mirror, late 1180s or 1190s),
Kara
kagami
(The China Mirror, 1250s or 1260s),
Azuma kagami
(The Mirror
of the East, 1290s),
Masukagami
(The Clear Mirror, circa 1368–75), and
Shinmeikyō
or
Shinmei kagami
(The Mirror of the Gods, circa 1434).
No-
mori no kagami
(The Mirror of the Watchman in the Fields, 1295), though
traditionally considered a text of poetic theory, will also be addressed.
8
In most cases framed as transmissions bestowed at temples or shrines,
these works reflect a distinctive approach to narrating the past. I base this
claim not so much on their more widely acknowledged recurring struc-
tural features, but on the existence of four concerns shared by all of the
Mirrors
: authority as derived from a particular site, the relationship be-
tween cosmic principles and historical progression, language or script se-
lection as indicative of a given position vis-
à
-vis institutions, and the
significance of ordering the past. These four concerns are the pillars of
my analytical apparatus and, in turn, can be understood as products of
gradual developments in Japanese historiography—in particular, both a
discourse on the three-way relationship between language, history, and
creativity, as well as changing uses of the mirror metaphor. A short over-
view of these developments will clarify some of the impulses that shaped
the creation and consumption of the
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