19.10.2 Personal or socio-psychological Barriers: (i) Psychological distance: Personal barriers are from motives, attitudes, judgements, emotions
and social values of people. These may create psychological distance similar to physical distance.
(ii) Individual differences: Persons differ in their motives, attiutdes or sentiments. Interpersonal
perceptions or inter-personal emotions may cause breakdown because each perceives the thing in
the light of his own experinece, prejudices and thinking.
(iii) Difference in Interest: The interest of people differs and so is their attitude. The ideas, questions,
attitudes, feelings etc., of other party may present an obstacle to ones own personal goal. In the
absence of adeuqate self-confidence or for fear of relaliation are restrains the expression of his true
feelings.
(iv) Division of people: Division of people into classes, castes and communities also affects
communication of ideas and viewpoints.
(v) Difference of view points: View points may differ and so communication suffers. An executive
may be harsh enough not to hear and accept others view point, whether right or wrong.
19.10.3 Orgnaisational Barriers: (i) Hierarchical distance: The possibility of filtering the information is there when the manager
decides to pass only a part of the information received from below or above. In this way he may
deprive people at the bottom of the wishes of the executive at the top. Similarly it may keep the top
exeuctive in dark from the happenings at the lowest level.
(ii) Diversion: Sometimes a manager diverts the information meant for one person or group to
another.
(iii) Colouring: The manager may colour the information, sometimes intentionally with view to twist
the situation in his favour or sometimes out of situation.
