Chapter 13:
German Alliance Policy After
the War
The erratic manner in which the foreign affairs of the Reich were
conducted was due to a lack of sound guiding principles for the
formation of practical and useful alliances. Not only was this
state of affairs continued after the Revolution, but it became even
worse.
For the confused state of our political ideas in general before the
War may be looked upon as the chief cause of our defective
statesmanship; but in the postWar period this cause must be
attributed to a lack of honest intentions. It was natural that those
parties who had fully achieved their destructive purpose by
means of the Revolution should feel that it would not serve their
interests if a policy of alliances were adopted which must
ultimately result in the restoration of a free German State. A
development in this direction would not be in conformity with
the purposes of the November crime. It would have interrupted
and indeed put an end to the internationalization of German
national economy and German Labour. But what was feared
most of all was that a successful effort to make the Reich
independent of foreign countries might have an influence in
domestic politics which one day would turn out disastrous for
those who now hold supreme power in the government of the
Reich. One cannot imagine the revival of a nation unless that
revival be preceded by a process of nationalization. Conversely,
every important success in the field of foreign politics must call
forth a favourable reaction at home. Experience proves that every
struggle for liberty increases the national sentiment and national
selfconsciousness and therewith gives rise to a keener sensibility
towards antinational elements and tendencies. A state of things,
and persons also, that may be tolerated and even pass unnoticed
in times of peace will not only become the object of aversion
when national enthusiasm is aroused but will even provoke
positive opposition, which frequently turns out disastrous for
them. In this connection we may recall the spyscare that became
prevalent when the war broke out, when human passion suddenly
manifested itself to such a heightened degree as to lead to the
most brutal persecutions, often without any justifiable grounds,
although everybody knew that the danger resulting from spies is
greater during the long periods of peace; but, for obvious
reasons, they do not then attract a similar amount of public
attention. For this reason the subtle instinct of the State parasites
who came to the surface of the national body through the
November happenings makes them feel at once that a policy of
alliances which would restore the freedom of our people and
awaken national sentiment might possibly ruin their own
criminal existence.
Thus we may explain the fact that since 1918 the men who have
held the reins of government adopted an entirely negative
attitude towards foreign affairs and that the business of the State
has been almost constantly conducted in a systematic way
against the interests of the German nation. For that which at first
sight seemed a matter of chance proved, on closer examination,
to be a logical advance along the road which was first publicly
entered upon by the November Revolution of 1918.
Undoubtedly a distinction ought to be made between (1) the
responsible administrators of our affairs of State, or rather those
who ought to be responsible; (2) the average run of our
parliamentary politicasters, and (3) the masses of our people,
whose sheepish docility corresponds to their want of intelligence.
The first know what they want. The second fall into line with
them, either because they have been already schooled in what is
afoot or because they have not the courage to take an
uncompromising stand against a course which they know and
feel to be detrimental. The third just submit to it because they are
too stupid to understand.
While the German National Socialist Labour Party was only a
small and practically unknown society, problems of foreign
policy could have only a secondary importance in the eyes of
many of its members. This was the case especially because our
movement has always proclaimed the principle, and must
proclaim it, that the freedom of the country in its foreign
relations is not a gift that will be bestowed upon us by Heaven or
by any earthly Powers, but can only be the fruit of a development
of our inner forces. We must first root out the causes which led to
our collapse and we must eliminate all those who are profiting by
that collapse. Then we shall be in a position to take up the fight
for the restoration of our freedom in the management of our
foreign relations.
It will be easily understood therefore why we did not attach so
much importance to foreign affairs during the early stages of our
young movement, but preferred to concentrate on the problem of
internal reform.
But when the small and insignificant society expanded and
finally grew too large for its first framework, the young
organization assumed the importance of a great association and
we then felt it incumbent on us to take a definite stand on
problems regarding the development of a foreign policy. It was
necessary to lay down the main lines of action which would not
only be in accord with the fundamental ideas of our
Weltanschhauung but would actually be an expansion of it in the
practical world of foreign affairs.
Just because our people have had no political education in
matters concerning our relations abroad, it was necessary to teach
the leaders in the various sections of our movement, and also the
masses of the people, the chief principles which ought to guide
the development of our foreign relations. That was one of the
first tasks to be accomplished in order to prepare the ground for
the practical carrying out of a foreign policy which would win
back the independence of the nation in managing its external
affairs and thus restore the real sovereignty of the Reich.
The fundamental and guiding principles which we must always
bear in mind when studying this question is that foreign policy is
only a means to an end and that the sole end to be pursued is the
welfare of our own people. Every problem in foreign politics
must be considered from this point of view, and this point of
view alone. Shall such and such a solution prove advantageous to
our people now or in the future, or will it injure their interests?
That is the question.
This is the sole preoccupation that must occupy our minds in
dealing with a question. Party politics, religious considerations,
humanitarian ideals – all such and all other preoccupations must
absolutely give way to this.
Before the War the purpose to which German foreign policy
should have been devoted was to assure the supply of material
necessities for the maintenance of our people and their children.
And the way should have been prepared which would lead to this
goal. Alliances should have been established which would have
proved beneficial to us from this point of view and would have
brought us the necessary auxiliary support. The task to be
accomplished is the same today, but with this difference: In pre
War times it was a question of caring for the maintenance of the
German people, backed up by the power which a strong and
independent State then possessed, but our task today is to make
our nation powerful once again by reestablishing a strong and
independent State. The reestablishment of such a State is the
prerequisite and necessary condition which must be fulfilled in
order that we may be able subsequently to put into practice a
foreign policy which will serve to guarantee the existence of our
people in the future, fulfilling their needs and furnishing them
with those necessities of life which they lack. In other words, the
aim which Germany ought to pursue today in her foreign policy
is to prepare the way for the recovery of her liberty tomorrow. In
this connection there is a fundamental principle which we must
keep steadily before our minds. It is this: The possibility of
winning back the independence of a nation is not absolutely
bound up with the question of territorial reintegration but it will
suffice if a small remnant, no matter how small, of this nation
and State will exist, provided it possesses the necessary
independence to become not only the vehicle of' the common
spirit of the whole people but also to prepare the way for the
military fight to reconquer the nation's liberty.
When a people who amount to a hundred million souls tolerate
the yoke of common slavery in order to prevent the territory
belonging to their State from being broken up and divided, that is
worse than if such a State and such a people were dismembered
while one fragment still retained its complete independence. Of
course, the natural proviso here is that this fragment must be
inspired with a consciousness of the solemn duty that devolves
upon it, not only to proclaim persistently the inviolable unity of
its spiritual and cultural life with that of its detached members
but also to prepare the means that are necessary for the military
conflict which will finally liberate and reunite the fragments that
are suffering under oppression.
One must also bear in mind the fact that the restoration of lost
districts which were formerly parts of the State, both ethnically
and politically, must in the first instance be a question of winning
back political power and independence for the motherland itself,
and that in such cases the special interests of the lost districts
must be uncompromisingly regarded as a matter of secondary
importance in the face of the one main task, which is to win back
the freedom of the central territory. For the detached and
oppressed fragments of a nation or an imperial province cannot
achieve their liberation through the expression of yearnings and
protests on the part of the oppressed and abandoned, but only
when the portion which has more or less retained its sovereign
independence can resort to the use of force for the purpose of
reconquering those territories that once belonged to the common
fatherland.
Therefore, in order to reconquer lost territories the first condition
to be fulfilled is to work energetically for the increased welfare
and reinforcement of the strength of that portion of the State
which has remained over after the partition. Thus the
unquenchable yearning which slumbers in the hearts of the
people must be awakened and restrengthened by bringing new
forces to its aid, so that when the hour comes all will be devoted
to the one purpose of liberating and uniting the whole people.
Therefore, the interests of the separated territories must be
subordinated to the one purpose. That one purpose must aim at
obtaining for the central remaining portion such a measure of
power and might that will enable it to enforce its will on the
hostile will of the victor and thus redress the wrong. For flaming
protests will not restore the oppressed territories to the bosom of
a common Reich. That can be done only through the might of the
sword.
The forging of this sword is a work that has to be done through
the domestic policy which must be adopted by a national
government. To see that the work of forging these arms is
assured, and to recruit the men who will bear them, that is the
task of the foreign policy.
In the first volume of this book I discussed the inadequacy of our
policy of alliances before the War. There were four possible
ways to secure the necessary foodstuffs for the maintenance of
our people. Of these ways the fourth, which was the most
unfavourable, was chosen. Instead of a sound policy of territorial
expansion in Europe, our rulers embarked on a policy of colonial
and trade expansion. That policy was all the more mistaken
inasmuch as they presumed that in this way the danger of an
armed conflict would be averted. The result of the attempt to sit
on many stools at the same time might have been foreseen. It let
us fall to the ground in the midst of them all. And the World War
was only the last reckoning presented to the Reich to pay for the
failure of its foreign policy.
The right way that should have been taken in those days was the
third way I indicated: namely, to increase the strength of the
Reich as a Continental Power by the acquisition of new territory
in Europe. And at the same time a further expansion, through the
subsequent acquisition of colonial territory, might thus be
brought within the range of practical politics. Of course, this
policy could not have been carried through except in alliance
with England, or by devoting such abnormal efforts to the
increase of military force and armament that, for forty or fifty
years, all cultural undertakings would have to be completely
relegated to the background. This responsibility might very well
have been undertaken. The cultural importance of a nation is
almost always dependent on its political freedom and
independence. Political freedom is a prerequisite condition for
the existence, or rather the creation, of great cultural
undertakings. Accordingly no sacrifice can be too great when
there is question of securing the political freedom of a nation.
What might have to be deducted from the budget expenses for
cultural purposes, in order to meet abnormal demands for
increasing the military power of the State, can be generously paid
back later on. Indeed, it may be said that after a State has
concentrated all its resources in one effort for the purpose of
securing its political independence a certain period of ease and
renewed equilibrium sets in. And it often happens that the
cultural spirit of the nation, which had been heretofore cramped
and confined, now suddenly blooms forth. Thus Greece
experienced the great Periclean era after the miseries it had
suffered during the Persian Wars. And the Roman Republic
turned its energies to the cultivation of a higher civilization when
it was freed from the stress and worry of the Punic Wars.
Of course, it could not be expected that a parliamentary majority
of feckless and stupid people would be capable of deciding on
such a resolute policy for the absolute subordination of all other
national interests to the one sole task of preparing for a future
conflict of arms which would result in establishing the security of
the State. The father of Frederick the Great sacrificed everything
in order to be ready for that conflict; but the fathers of our absurd
parliamentarian democracy, with the Jewish hallmark, could not
do it.
That is why, in preWar times, the military preparation necessary
to enable us to conquer new territory in Europe was only very
mediocre, so that it was difficult to obtain the support of really
helpful allies.
Those who directed our foreign affairs would not entertain even
the idea of systematically preparing for war. They rejected every
plan for the acquisition of territory in Europe. And by preferring
a policy of colonial and trade expansion, they sacrificed the
alliance with England, which was then possible. At the same time
they neglected to seek the support of Russia, which would have
been a logical proceeding. Finally they stumbled into the World
War, abandoned by all except the illstarred Habsburgs.
The characteristic of our present foreign policy is that it follows
no discernible or even intelligible lines of action. Whereas before
the War a mistake was made in taking the fourth way that I have
mentioned, and this was pursued only in a halfhearted manner,
since the Revolution not even the sharpest eye can detect any
way that is being followed. Even more than before the War, there
is absolutely no such thing as a systematic plan, except the
systematic attempts that are made to destroy the last possibility
of a national revival.
If we make an impartial examination of the situation existing in
Europe today as far as concerns the relation of the various
Powers to one another, we shall arrive at the following results:
For the past three hundred years the history of our Continent has
been definitely determined by England's efforts to keep the
European States opposed to one another in an equilibrium of
forces, thus assuring the necessary protection of her own rear
while she pursued the great aims of British worldpolicy.
The traditional tendency of British diplomacy ever since the
reign of Queen Elizabeth has been to employ systematically
every possible means to prevent any one Power from attaining a
preponderant position over the other European Powers and, if
necessary, to break that preponderance by means of armed
intervention. The only parallel to this has been the tradition of the
Prussian Army. England has made use of various forces to carry
out its purpose, choosing them according to the actual situation
or the task to be faced; but the will and determination to use them
has always been the same. The more difficult England's position
became in the course of history the more the British Imperial
Government considered it necessary to maintain a condition of
political paralysis among the various European States, as a result
of their mutual rivalries. When the North American colonies
obtained their political independence it became still more
necessary for England to use every effort to establish and
maintain the defence of her flank in Europe. In accordance with
this policy she reduced Spain and the Netherlands to the position
of inferior naval Powers. Having accomplished this, England
concentrated all her forces against the increasing strength of
France, until she brought about the downfall of Napoleon
Bonaparte and therewith destroyed the military hegemony of
France, which was the most dangerous rival that England had to
fear.
The change of attitude in British statesmanship towards Germany
took place only very slowly, not only because the German nation
did not represent an obvious danger for England as long as it
lacked national unification, but also because public opinion in
England, which had been directed to other quarters by a system
of propaganda that had been carried out for a long time, could be
turned to a new direction only by slow degrees. In order to reach
the proposed ends the calmly reflecting statesman had to bow to
popular sentiment, which is the most powerful motiveforce and
is at the same time the most lasting in its energy. When the
statesman has attained one of his ends, he must immediately turn
his thoughts to others; but only by degrees and the slow work of
propaganda can the sentiment of the masses be shaped into an
instrument for the attainment of the new aims which their leaders
have decided on.
As early as 187071 England had decided on the new stand it
would take. On certain occasions minor oscillations in that policy
were caused by the growing influence of America in the
commercial markets of the world and also by the increasing
political power of Russia; but, unfortunately, Germany did not
take advantage of these and, therefore, the original tendency of
British diplomacy was only reinforced.
England looked upon Germany as a Power which was of world
importance commercially and politically and which, partly
because of its enormous industrial development, assumed such
threatening proportions that the two countries already contended
against one another in the same sphere and with equal energy.
The socalled peaceful conquest of the world by commercial
enterprise, which, in the eyes of those who governed our public
affairs at that time, represented the highest peak of human
wisdom, was just the thing that led English statesmen to adopt a
policy of resistance. That this resistance assumed the form of an
organized aggression on a vast scale was in full conformity with
a type of statesmanship which did not aim at the maintenance of
a dubious world peace but aimed at the consolidation of British
worldhegemony. In carrying out this policy, England allied
herself with those countries which had a definite military
importance. And that was in keeping with her traditional caution
in estimating the power of her adversary and also in recognizing
her own temporary weakness. That line of conduct cannot be
called unscrupulous; because such a comprehensive organization
for war purposes must not be judged from the heroic point of
view but from that of expediency. The object of a diplomatic
policy must not be to see that a nation goes down heroically but
rather that it survives in a practical way. Hence every road that
leads to this goal is opportune and the failure to take it must be
looked upon as a criminal neglect of duty.
When the German Revolution took place England's fears of a
German world hegemony came to a satisfactory end.
From that time it was not an English interest to see Germany
totally cancelled from the geographic map of Europe. On the
contrary, the astounding collapse which took place in November
1918 found British diplomacy confronted with a situation which
at first appeared untenable.
For fourandahalf years the British Empire had fought to break
the presumed preponderance of a Continental Power. A sudden
collapse now happened which removed this Power from the
foreground of European affairs. That collapse disclosed itself
finally in the lack of even the primordial instinct of self
preservation, so that European equilibrium was destroyed within
fortyeight hours. Germany was annihilated and France became
the first political Power on the Continent of Europe.
The tremendous propaganda which was carried on during this
war for the purpose of encouraging the British public to stick it
out to the end aroused all the primitive instincts and passions of
the populace and was bound eventually to hang as a leaden
weight on the decisions of British statesmen. With the colonial,
economical and commercial destruction of Germany, England's
war aims were attained. Whatever went beyond those aims was
an obstacle to the furtherance of British interests. Only the
enemies of England could profit by the disappearance of
Germany as a Great Continental Power in Europe. In November
1918, however, and up to the summer of 1919, it was not
possible for England to change its diplomatic attitude; because
during the long war it had appealed, more than it had ever done
before, to the feelings of the populace. In view of the feeling
prevalent among its own people, England could not change its
foreign policy; and another reason which made that impossible
was the military strength to which other European Powers had
now attained. France had taken the direction of peace
negotiations into her own hands and could impose her law upon
the others. During those months of negotiations and bargaining
the only Power that could have altered the course which things
were taking was Germany herself; but Germany was torn asunder
by a civil war, and her socalled statesmen had declared
themselves ready to accept any and every dictate imposed on
them.
Now, in the comity of nations, when one nation loses its instinct
for selfpreservation and ceases to be an active member it sinks
to the level of an enslaved nation and its territory will have to
suffer the fate of a colony.
To prevent the power of France from becoming too great, the
only form which English negotiations could take was that of
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