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cheerfully agreed that he could go if she was allowed to go w i t h
him.
•
As soon as Othello and his lady landed in Cyprus, news arrived
that a storm had scattered the Turkish ships, and so the island was
safe from any fear of an immediate attack. B u t the war w h i c h
Othello himself was about to suffer was now beginning, and the
enemies, w i t h their evil tongues, w h o encouraged h i m to hate his
guildess lady would prove more terrible than any Turk.
A m o n g all the general's friends, no one possessed Othello's
trust more completely than Cassio. Michael Cassio was a young
soldier from Florence. He was bright, good-looking and w e l l
spoken, favourite qualities w i t h women. He was exactly the sort
of person that might excite the jealousy of an older man (like
Othello) w h o had married a young and beautiful wife; but
Othello was as free from jealousy as he was noble, and as unable
to suspect an evil action as he was to do one.
He had employed Cassio as a k i n d of messenger in his love
affair w i t h Desdemona, because he feared that he did not have
the soft tongue w h i c h pleases ladies and was found in his friend.
It is not surprising, then, that the gentle Desdemona loved and
trusted Cassio next to Othello himself.
The marriage of this pair had not made any difference in their
behaviour to Michael Cassio. He often visited their house, and
his free and amusing talk was a pleasant change to Othello, w h o
was more serious. Desdemona and Cassio talked and laughed
together, as they had in the days when he had gone lovemaking
instead of his friend.
Othello had recently raised Cassio to a higher rank, a position
of trust just below the general himself. This had given great
offence to Iago, an older officer w h o thought he had a better
claim than Cassio. He often made fun of Cassio as a man fit only
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for the company of ladies, and one w h o d i d not k n o w any more
than a girl about the art of war or h o w to prepare an army for
battle.
Iago hated Cassio. He also hated Othello, not only for
preferring Cassio but also because he had a suspicion that he was
too fond of Iago's o w n wife Emilia, Desdemona's servant.
Angered by these things, Iago's evil m i n d thought of a terrible
plan for revenge w h i c h w o u l d cause the r u i n of Cassio, Othello
and Desdemona as well.
Iago had studied human nature closely. He knew that, of all
the pains w h i c h trouble the m i n d of man (and much greater than
bodily pain), those of jealousy were the most unbearable and had
the sorest sting. If he could succeed in making Othello jealous of
Cassio, he thought it w o u l d be a perfect revenge and might end
in the death of Cassio or Othello or both.
•
The arrival of the general and his lady in Cyprus, together w i t h
the news of the scattering of the enemy's ships, caused
celebrations on the island. Everybody had fun. W i n e flowed
plentifully, and the healths of Othello and the beautiful
Desdemona were drunk.
Cassio was in charge of the guard that night. He had orders
from Othello to keep the soldiers from drinking too much, so
that there were no noisy disorders to make people fear the newly
landed army.
That night Iago began to put his plans in action. Pretending
loyalty and love for the general, he persuaded Cassio to have a lot
to drink (a great fault in an officer w h o is on guard). For a time
Cassio refused, but soon he was swallowing glass after glass of
wine. Then his tongue began to praise Desdemona, whose health
he drank again and again, saying that she was a most beautiful
lady; until, in the end, he lost all good sense.
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Iago n o w encouraged another man to quarrel w i t h Cassio, and
they pulled out their swords. W h e n Montano, an honourable
officer, tried to stop the fight, he himself was wounded. The noise
and disorder n o w began to spread, and Iago, w h o had begun it all,
was the first to give warning of it. He caused the castle bell to be
rung, as if some dangerous rising of men against their officers had
begun instead of a slight drunken quarrel. T h e ringing of the bell
woke Othello. He dressed in a hurry and, arriving at the scene of
action, questioned Cassio about the cause of the problem.
Cassio had n o w returned to his senses as the effect of the wine
had begun to disappear, but he was too ashamed to reply. Iago
pretended that he did not want to blame Cassio, but was forced
to do so by Othello, w h o demanded to k n o w the truth; he gave
an account of the whole matter (leaving out his o w n part in i t ,
w h i c h Cassio was unable to remember because of the amount he
had drunk) in such a way that he made Cassio s offence appear
greater than it was. The result was that Othello, a firm believer in
order, was forced to take away from Cassio the position to which
he had raised h i m . So Iago's first trick succeeded completely. He
had n o w weakened his hated enemy and made h i m lose his rank.
Cassio n o w said sadly to Iago, w h o still seemed to be his
friend, that he had been a fool to drink so much. He was ruined,
because he could not ask the general for his position again. He
hated himself.
Iago said that he, or any man living, m i g h t drink too much
occasionally. N o w they must try to repair the damage w h i c h had
been done. The general's wife was now the general, and could do
anything w i t h Othello. Cassio must beg Desdemona to make
peace for h i m w i t h her lord. Her kindness w o u l d make her agree
to a good service of this sort; Cassio would become the general's
friend again, and this crack in their love w o u l d soon disappear.
This would have been good advice from Iago if it had not been
given for evil purposes.
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Cassio did as Iago advised h i m , and went to the Lady
Desdemona, w h o was easily persuaded to do what he asked. She
promised Cassio that she would beg her lord to forgive h i m , and
would rather die than give up his case.
She immediately began to do so in such a serious and pretty
manner that Othello could not stop her. Othello was very angry
w i t h Cassio. W h e n he said that it was too soon to forgive such an
offender, though, his wife refused to be discouraged, but
demanded that it should be the next night, or the morning after,
or the morning after that at the latest. Then she showed how
sorry poor Cassio was, and said that his offence did not deserve
so great a punishment.
W h e n Othello still w o u l d not agree, she said, 'What, my lord!
Do I really have to beg for Cassio, Michael Cassio, w h o came
lovemaking for you, and often took your side when I said
something against you! I think this is a little thing to ask of you.
W h e n I mean to test your love, I shall ask for something much
greater.' Othello could refuse nothing to such prayers, and he
promised to look kindly on Michael Cassio again, but in his own
time.
It happened that Othello and Iago had entered the room
where Desdemona was just as Cassio, w h o had been begging her
to help him, was leaving by the opposite door. Iago said in a l o w
voice, as if to himself,'I do not like that.'
Othello did not take much notice of what he said. The
meeting w h i c h then took place w i t h his lady put it out of his
head; but he remembered it afterwards. W h e n Desdemona had
gone, Iago asked Othello whether, when Othello was trying to
w i n his lady for his wife, Michael Cassio knew of his love.
The general said that he did, and added that he had often
acted as messenger between them. Iago looked thoughtful, as if
he now understood more about some terrible matter, and cried,
'Really!'
This brought into Othello's m i n d the words w h i c h Iago had
spoken on entering the room, when he had seen Cassio w i t h
Desdemona. He began to think there was some meaning in all
this, since he considered Iago to be a fair and honest man. What
would be tricks in a false creature seemed, in Iago, to be the
natural w o r k i n g of a loyal mind. So Othello begged Iago to tell
what he knew and put his worst thoughts into words.
' A n d what,' said Iago,'if some evil thoughts should have found
entrance into my heart?'
Then Iago went on to say that it w o u l d be a pity if any
trouble should come to Othello as a result of his lack of
attention; that it w o u l d not help Othello's peace of m i n d to
k n o w his thoughts; and that people's good names must not be
taken away for slight suspicions. W h e n Othello's interest was
raised almost to madness by these suggestions, Iago begged h i m
to guard against jealousy. This evil man raised suspicions in
Othello very cleverly by warning h i m to take no notice of such
doubts.
'I know,' said Othello, 'that my wife is beautiful; loves company
and good times; is free in speech; sings, plays and dances well: but
where goodness is, these qualities are good. I must have proof
before I can think that she is unfaithful.'
As if he were glad that Othello was slow to believe that his
lady had done anything wrong, Iago openly declared that he had
no proof. B u t he begged Othello to watch her behaviour
carefully when Cassio was near. He must not be jealous, but he
must not feel too confident either, because he (Iago) knew the
characters of Italian ladies better than Othello could do. In
Venice, he said, the wives let heaven see many tricks that they
dared not show their husbands. He cleverly suggested that
Desdemona had deceived her father when she married Othello,
and had kept it such a secret that the poor old man thought
magic had been used. Othello was much moved by this
75
argument; if she had deceived her father, w h y might she not
deceive her husband?
Iago begged his pardon for having worried h i m ; but Othello -
pretending not to care, while he was really shaken w i t h grief at
Iago's words — asked h i m to continue. Iago appeared not to want
to, as if he had no wish to prove anything against Cassio, w h o m
he called his friend.
He reminded Othello that Desdemona had refused many
suitable husbands of her o w n country and colour, and had
married h i m , a M o o r . This showed her to be unnatural and to
have a determined w i l l . W h e n her better judgement returned, i t
was probable that she w o u l d begin to compare Othello w i t h the
fine figures and clear white faces of young Italians. He ended by
advising Othello to delay his forgiveness of Cassio a little longer,
and to note h o w eagerly Desdemona asked for that forgiveness.
In this evil way, this clever deceiver planned to use the gentle
qualities of this lady to destroy her, and to trap her w i t h a net of
her own goodness. First he had encouraged Cassio to beg
Desdemona to help h i m , and then he planned to use that to ruin
her.
The meeting ended when Iago begged Othello to believe that
there was no guilt in his wife until he had more certain proof;
and Othello promised to be patient.
•
B u t from that moment Othello was never happy. N o t h i n g could
ever bring back that sweet rest w h i c h he had enjoyed only
yesterday. He grew tired of his j o b . He no longer took pleasure in
the profession of arms. His heart, which used to j u m p w i t h
excitement at the sight of soldiers ready for battle or the sound of
a drum, seemed to have lost all pride and purpose. His eagerness
and all his old joys disappeared.
Sometimes he thought that his wife was honest, and at times
76
he thought that she was not. Sometimes he thought that Iago was
right, and at times he thought that he was wrong. Then he
wished that he had never found out. If she loved Cassio, it made
no difference to h i m , as long as he did not know. Torn to pieces
by such thoughts as these, he seized Iago's throat on one occasion
and demanded proof of Desdemona's guilt; he threatened h i m
w i t h death for lying about her if there was no proof.
Pretending to be angry because his honesty was being
doubted, Iago asked Othello if he had not sometimes seen a
handkerchief spotted w i t h berries in his wife's hand.
Othello answered that he had given it to her, and that it was his
first gift.
'I saw Michael Cassio today w i t h that same handkerchief,' said
Iago.
' I f you are telling the truth,' said Othello, ' I w i l l not rest until
my revenge has swallowed them up. First, to prove your loyalty, I
expect Cassio to be put to death w i t h i n three days. As for that
beautiful devil, my wife, I w i l l go away and think of a quick
means of death for her.'
To a jealous man, small and unimportant things are strong
proofs. A handkerchief of his wife's seen in Cassio's hand was
reason enough for the deceived Othello to send them both to
their death, without even asking how Cassio had obtained it.
Desdemona had never given such a present to Cassio, and she
w o u l d never have thought of doing so. Neither Cassio nor
Desdemona were guilty of any offence against Othello. The evil
Iago had made his wife (a good but weak woman) steal this
handkerchief from Desdemona, pretending that she wanted to
have a copy made. But Iago's real purpose was to leave it where
Cassio might find i t , and so give support to his suggestion that it
was a present from Desdemona.
Meeting his wife soon afterwards, Othello pretended that he
had a headache, and asked her to lend h i m her handkerchief to
77
hold to his head to ease it.
She did so.
' N o t this,' said Othello, 'but that handkerchief I gave you.'
Desdemona had not got it w i t h her (since it had been stolen,
as we have said).
'What have you done!' said Othello. ' A n Egyptian woman gave
that handkerchief to my mother. She told her that while she kept
i t , my father w o u l d love her. If she lost i t , or gave it away, my
father's love would change and he w o u l d hate her as much as he
had loved her. W h e n she was dying, she gave it to me. She told
me to give it to my wife if I ever married.'
'Is it possible?' said the frightened lady.
' I t is true,' continued Othello, ' i t is a magic handkerchief.'
Desdemona was ready to die w i t h fear. She knew that she had
lost it, and she feared that w i t h it she had lost her husband's love.
Othello continued to demand the handkerchief. W h e n she
could not produce i t , she tried to t u r n her husband away from
such serious thoughts. She cheerfully suggested that all his talk
about the handkerchief was meant to prevent her from speaking
for Michael Cassio, w h o m she began to praise (as Iago had said
she would). Othello hurried out of the room in anger, and then
Desdemona began to suspect that her lord was jealous.
She could not think what cause she had given h i m for this, so
then she blamed herself for thinking so badly of the noble
Othello. She thought that perhaps some unpleasant news from
Venice or some state troubles had made h i m angry.
' M e n are not gods,' she told herself. 'We must not expect such
gentleness from them when they are married as they show us on
the wedding day' Then she was angry w i t h herself again for
j u d g i n g his unkindness so unkindly.
W h e n Othello and Desdemona met again, he charged her
more clearly w i t h being unfaithful, and w i t h loving another man
w h o m he did not name. He told her that he could have suffered
78
all sorts of evils bravely - illness, shame, lack of money - but her
unfaithfulness had broken his heart. W h i l e he swore at her, he
also said that she looked so beautiful and smelt so sweet; and he
wished she had never been born.
•
W h e n he had left her, this poor lady was so filled w i t h confusion
at her lord's false suspicion of her that she felt ready to fall into a
deep sleep and told her servant to prepare her bed. W h e n people
teach their babies, she thought, they do it by gentle means - and
Othello could have blamed her in this way. This was her only
complaint.
Desdemona went to bed expecting her lord to follow her. As
soon as she had fallen into a troubled sleep, though, Othello
entered the room intending to put his lady to death. W h e n he
saw her asleep, he thought he would not make her bleed or mark
that beautiful white skin of hers. B u t he was determined that she
should die. If not (as he said), she would live to be unfaithful to
more men, as she had been to h i m . Then he kissed her for the last
time, but that kiss was so sweet that he was forced to kiss her
again.
Desdemona was woken by his kisses. She looked at Othello,
saw h i m bite his bottom lip and roll his eyes, and knew that he
was always to be feared when he looked like this. He told her to
prepare for death, and to say her prayers, since he would not kill
her soul.
This guiltless wife begged for pity, and asked to k n o w her
fault. Then he named Cassio, and the handkerchief which (he
said) she had given h i m . Just as the lady was beginning to explain,
he suddenly refused to hear any more; covering her w i t h the
bedclothes, he stopped her breathing until she died.
•
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At the same moment, Cassio was brought wounded and bleeding
into the house. Iago had sent one of his men to murder h i m , but
he had not succeeded, and the man had been killed by Iago to
prevent discovery of his plan. Some letters were found in this
man's pockets w h i c h made Iago's guilt, and Cassio's honour,
perfectly clear. Cassio now came to beg Othello's pardon, and to
ask in what way he had offended h i m to make h i m employ Iago
to murder h i m .
This discovery was a great shock to Othello. He now
understood that he was no better than a murderer himself, and
that his wife had always been faithful to h i m . The pain and
sorrow w h i c h this discovery gave h i m made life unbearable. He
fell on his sword and, throwing himself on the body of his dear
dead lady, died too.
These terrible acts shocked and frightened those w h o were
present. Othello had always had a good name and until he was
deceived by the evil ways of a disloyal man, he had been a most
loving husband. He had loved — not wisely, but too well; and
when he was dead all his former goodness and his brave actions
were remembered.
O n l y two things remained to be done. Iago was sent to a
painful death; and the state and people of Venice were told of the
sad end of their famous general.
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