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T h e Winter's Tale
CHARACTERS
Leontes, K i n g of Sicily
Mamillius, Prince of Sicily
Camillo
Antigonus lords of Sicily
Cleomenes
Dion
Polixenes, K i n g of Bohemia and friend of Leontes
Florizel, a prince, son of Polixenes
An old shepherd, believed to be father of Perdita
Hermione, wife of Leontes, Queen of Sicily
Perdita, daughter of Leontes and Hermione
Paulina, wife of Antigonus
Emilia, a lady serving Hermione
Leontes, K i n g of Sicily, and his queen, the lovely Hermione, once
lived together in the greatest happiness.The love that they felt for
each other made Leontes so happy that he had nothing left to
wish for, except that he sometimes desired to see again his old
companion and schoolfriend, Polixenes, K i n g of Bohemia, and to
introduce his friend to his queen.
Leontes and Polixenes had been brought up together as
children, but after the deaths of their fathers, each one had to rule
his o w n kingdom. So they had not met for many years, though
they often exchanged gifts, letters and loving messages.
At last, after repeated invitations, Polixenes came from
Bohemia to the Sicilian court to pay his friend Leontes a visit. At
first this visit gave nothing but pleasure to Leontes. He begged
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the queen to show special care and attention to his dear friend
and he seemed to have found perfect happiness now that he was
w i t h his old companion. They talked about old times; they
remembered their schooldays and their youthful games. They
told stories of these to Hermione, w h o always took a cheerful
part in these conversations.
When, after a long stay, Polixenes was preparing to leave,
Hermione, at her husband's wish, begged h i m to make his visit
longer.
A n d now this good queen's sorrow began. Polixenes had
refused to stay when Leontes asked h i m , but Hermione's gentle
words persuaded h i m to do so. Leontes had no reason at all to
doubt either the honesty of his friend Polixenes or the excellent
character of his good queen, but he was immediately seized w i t h
an uncontrollable jealousy. Everything that Hermione did for
Polixenes, although it was only done to please her husband,
increased the unfortunate king's jealousy. Suddenly, Leontes
changed from a true friend, and the best and most loving of
husbands, into a w i l d and cruel creature. He sent for Camillo, one
of the lords of his court, and told h i m of his suspicions about his
wife's unfaithfulness. Then he ordered Camillo to poison
Polixenes.
Camillo was a good man, w h o knew that there was no truth
in Leontes' suspicions. So, instead of poisoning Polixenes, he told
h i m about his master's orders and agreed to escape w i t h h i m
from Sicily. Polixenes, w i t h Camillo's help, arrived safely in his
own kingdom of Bohemia. From that time, Camillo lived in the
king's court and became his chief friend and adviser.
The escape of Polixenes made the jealous Leontes even more
angry. He went to the queen's rooms, where her little son
Mamillius was just beginning to tell his mother one of his best
stories to amuse her. Taking the child away, the king sent
Hermione to prison.
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Though Mamillius was only a very young child, he loved his
mother dearly. W h e n he saw her treated so badly and realized that
she had been taken away from h i m , he became very unhappy.
Gradually he lost his desire to eat and sleep, until it was thought
that his sadness would kill h i m .
W h e n the king had sent his queen to prison, he commanded
Cleomenes and D i o n , two Sicilian lords, to go to Delphos and
ask the oracle at the temple of Apollo if his queen had been
unfaithful to him.
•
After Hermione had been in prison for a short time, she gave
b i r t h to a daughter. The poor lady was comforted by the sight of
her pretty baby, and she said to it: "My poor little prisoner, I have
done as little wrong as you have."
Hermione had a kind friend, Paulina, w h o was the wife of
Antigonus, another Sicilian lord. W h e n Paulina heard that the
queen had given birth to a child, she went to the prison where
Hermione was kept and said to Emilia, a lady w h o served
Hermione,'I pray you, Emilia, tell the good queen that if she w i l l
trust me w i t h her baby, I w i l l carry it to the king, its father. His
heart may soften when he sees his little child.'
' M y lady,' replied Emilia, 'I w i l l tell the queen of your offer.
She was wishing today that she had a friend w h o would dare to
show the child to the king.'
' A n d tell her,' said Paulina, 'that I w i l l speak to Leontes i n her
defence.'
'May God reward you,' said Emilia, 'for your kindness to our
gentle queen!'
Emilia then went to Hermione, w h o joyfully gave her baby
into Paulina's care.
Paulina took the child and forced her way into the presence
of the king, although her husband, Antigonus, w h o feared the
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king's anger, tried to prevent her. She laid the baby at its father's
feet, and made a noble speech to the king in defence of
Hermione. She criticized h i m for his cruelty and begged h i m to
have pity on his wife and child, w h o had done no wrong. B u t
Paulina's words only increased Leontes' anger, and he ordered
Antigonus to take her away.
W h e n Paulina went away, she left the little baby at its father's
feet. She thought that when he was alone w i t h it, he w o u l d look
at it and feel pity for it.
The good Paulina was wrong. As soon as she left, the cruel
father ordered Antigonus to take the child out to sea and leave it
on some empty shore to die.
Antigonus was not like the good Camillo; he obeyed the
orders of Leontes too well. He immediately carried the child on
board a ship and sailed out to sea, intending to leave it on the first
lonely shore that he could find.
The king was so sure that Hermione was guilty that he did
not wait for the return of Cleomenes and D i o n from Delphos.
W h i l e the queen was still weak and miserable at losing her much
loved baby, she was brought before all the lords and nobles of his
court for a public trial. W h e n that unhappy lady was standing in
front of them as a prisoner to receive their judgement, Cleomenes
and D i o n entered. They told the K i n g that they had the oracle's
answer.
Leontes commanded that the words of the oracle should be
read aloud, and these were the words:
'Hermione is not guilty, Polixenes blameless, Camillo a true
servant, Leontes a jealous and cruel king, and Leontes shall live
without an heir unless that which was lost is found.'
The k i n g refused to believe the words of the oracle. He said
that the message was a lie invented by the queen's friends, and he
asked the judge to continue w i t h the case against the queen. But
while he was speaking, a man entered and told h i m that Prince
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Mamillius had died of grief and shame, hearing that his mother
was being tried for her life.
W h e n Hermione heard about the death of this dear, loving
child w h o had lost his life because of his grief at her misfortune,
she fainted. Leontes himself was made miserable by the news and
began to feel pity for his unhappy queen. He ordered Paulina to
take her away and help her. Paulina soon returned and told the
king that Hermione was dead.
W h e n Leontes heard that the queen was dead, he felt deeply
sorry for all his cruelty to her. N o w that he thought his treatment
of her had broken Hermione's heart, he no longer believed that
she was guilty. He also thought that the words of the oracle were
true. He realized that 'unless that w h i c h was lost is found' (which
he believed to be his young daughter), he w o u l d be without an
heir, now that the young Prince Mamillius was dead. He was
prepared to give his kingdom to get his lost daughter back.
W i t h such sad thoughts as these, Leontes passed many years in grief
and sorrow.
•
The ship in which Antigonus had carried the baby princess out
to sea was driven by a storm on to the coast of Bohemia, the
kingdom of the good K i n g Polixenes. Here Antigonus landed,
and here he left the little baby.
Antigonus never returned to Sicily to tell Leontes where he
had left his daughter, because as he was going back to the ship, a
bear came out of the woods and tore h i m to pieces.
The baby was dressed in rich clothes and jewels, since
Hermione had made her look very fine when she sent her to
Leontes. Antigonus had tied a piece of paper to her coat, on
w h i c h he had w r i t t e n the name "Perdita" and words w h i c h
indirectly suggested her noble b i r t h and misfortune.
The poor baby was found by a shepherd. He was a k i n d man,
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and he carried little Perdita home to his wife, w h o nursed her
lovingly. But the shepherd was poor and so, in order to hide the
rich prize w h i c h he had found, he left that part of the country.
Then, w i t h some of Perdita's jewels, he bought large numbers of
sheep and became wealthy. He brought up Perdita as his own
child, and she did not know that she was not in fact a shepherd's
daughter.
Little Perdita grew up to be a lovely girl. She had no better
education than that of a shepherd's daughter, but the noble
qualities she had got from her royal mother shone through so
clearly that no one would have k n o w n she had not been brought
up in K i n g Leontes' court.
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Polixenes had an only son whose name was Florizel. One day, as
this young prince was hunting near the shepherd's home, he saw
the girl w h o was said to be the old man's daughter, and her
beauty and noble manner made h i m fall in love w i t h her
immediately. Soon, under the name of Doricles, and dressed as a
private gentleman, he became a frequent visitor to the old
shepherd's house. Florizel's absences from court made Polixenes
anxious, so he ordered people to watch his son and he soon
discovered Florizel's love for the shepherd's fair daughter.
Polixenes then sent for Camillo, the same faithful Camillo
w h o had kept h i m safe from the anger of Leontes, and asked h i m
to go w i t h h i m to the shepherd's house.
B o t h Polixenes and Camillo changed their appearances so that
they w o u l d not be recognized, and arrived at the shepherd's
house just as a feast was taking place. Though they were strangers,
every guest was made welcome at such a time and they were
invited to walk in and j o i n the celebrations. Everyone was happy
and joyful. Tables were full of things to eat and drink, and young
men and girls were dancing on the grass in front of the house.
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Florizel and Perdita were sitting quietly together in a corner,
seeming more pleased w i t h each other's conversation than w i t h
the games and amusements of those around them.
The king, knowing that he could not be recognized, went
near enough to hear their conversation, and was surprised by the
simple but graceful manner in w h i c h Perdita talked to his son.
'This is the prettiest lowborn girl I have ever seen,' he said to
Camillo. 'Everything she does or says seems too noble for this
place.'
Then the king turned to the old shepherd and said, 'Tell me,
my good friend, w h o is that young man talking w i t h your
daughter?'
'They call h i m Doricles,' replied the shepherd. 'He says he
loves my daughter; and, to tell the truth, it is difficult to know
w h i c h loves the other best. If young Doricles can w i n her, she
w i l l bring h i m what he does not dream o f By this he meant the
rest of Perdita's jewels, w h i c h he had carefully saved to give her
on her wedding day.
Polixenes then spoke to his son. 'Young man,' he said, 'your
heart seems full o f something that takes your m i n d away from
feasting. W h e n I was young, I used to bring presents for my love,
but you seem to have brought nothing for your girl.'
The young prince, w h o did not know that he was talking to
his father, replied, 'Sir, she does not value such things. The gifts
w h i c h Perdita expects from me are locked up in my heart.'
Then Florizel turned to Perdita and said, 'O hear me, Perdita,
before this ancient gentleman who, it seems, was once himself a
lover.'
Florizel then called on the stranger to be a witness to a
promise of marriage w h i c h he made to Perdita, but at that point,
the king made himself k n o w n to his son and criticized h i m for
daring to promise to marry this lowborn girl. He called Perdita
disrespectful names, and threatened that if she ever allowed his
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son to see her again, he w o u l d put her and the old shepherd to a
cruel death.
The king left them then in great anger, and ordered Camillo
to follow h i m w i t h Prince Florizel.
W h e n the king had gone, Perdita, whose royal nature was
excited by Polixenes' angry words, said, 'Though our hopes are
now destroyed, I was not much afraid. Once or twice I was going
to speak, and to remind h i m that the same sun that shines on his
palace also shines on our small house.'
Then she added sadly, 'But now I am woken from this dream.
Leave me, sir; I w i l l go to my sheep and cry there.'
The kind-hearted Camillo was greatly affected by Perdita's
behaviour. He saw that the young prince was too deeply in love
w i t h her to give her up at the command of his royal father. So he
thought of a way to help them both and, at the same time, to put
into action a plan w h i c h he had in his mind.
Camillo had k n o w n for a long time that Leontes, the K i n g of
Sicily, was truly sorry for all he had done; and though Camillo
was now the favourite adviser of K i n g Polixenes, he could not
help wishing to see his old master and his home once more. He
therefore suggested to Florizel and Perdita that they should go
w i t h h i m to the Sicilian court, where he promised that Leontes
would protect them. Then, w i t h his help, they could obtain
forgiveness from Polixenes and his agreement to their marriage.
They joyfully agreed to this plan, and Camillo also allowed the
o l d shepherd to go w i t h them.
The shepherd took w i t h h i m the rest of Perdita's jewels, her
baby clothes, and the paper w h i c h he had found tied to her coat.
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