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K i n g L e a r
CHARACTERS
Lear, K i n g of Britain
King of France
Duke of Burgundy
Duke of Cornwall
Duke of Albany
Earl of Kent
Edgar, lawful son of the Earl of Gloucester
Edmund, natural son of the Earl of Gloucester
A Fool
Goneril
Regan daughters of K i n g Lear
Cordelia
Lear, K i n g of Britain, had three daughters — Goneril, wife of the
Duke of Albany, Regan, wife of the Duke of Cornwall, and
Cordelia, the youngest. The K i n g of France and the Duke of
Burgundy each wanted Cordelia for his wife, and at the time of
this story they were staying at Lear's court.
The old king was over eighty years old and tired of
government. He had decided to take no further part in state
affairs, but to leave younger people to manage it. He called his
three daughters to h i m to find out from their o w n lips w h i c h of
them loved h i m best, so that he could divide his lands and money
among them according to their love for h i m .
Goneril, the oldest, declared that she loved her father more than
words could tell; that he was dearer to her than the light of her
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o w n eyes, dearer than life itself. Such talk is easy to pretend where
there is no real love, but the k i n g was very pleased to hear it.
T h i n k i n g that her heart went w i t h her words, he gave her and
her husband one-third of his large kingdom.
Regan, his second daughter, w h o was as worthless as her sister,
declared that the love w h i c h she felt for her father was much
greater than her sisters. She found all other joys dead compared
w i t h the pleasure w h i c h she took in the love of her dear k i n g and
father.
Lear felt so happy to have what he thought were such loving
children that he gave Regan and her husband another third of his
kingdom, equal in size to the share w h i c h he had already given to
Goneril.
Then turning to his youngest daughter, Cordelia, w h o m he
called his joy, he asked what she had to say. He thought no doubt
that she would please his ears w i t h the same loving speeches as
her sisters, or even that hers would be stronger than theirs, as she
had always been his favourite. But Cordelia was upset by the
claims made by her sisters, w h i c h she knew were only intended
to persuade the king to give them part of his country. So she only
answered that she loved her father according to her duty, neither
more nor less.
The king was shocked at these words from his favourite child,
and asked her to consider her words carefully and to improve her
speech so that it did not spoil her fortunes.
Cordelia then told the king that she loved, obeyed and
honoured h i m because he was her father and he had brought her
up and loved her. B u t she could not make such grand speeches as
her sisters had done or promise to love nothing else in the world.
W h y did her sisters have husbands if (as they said) they had no
love for anything except their father? If she ever married, she was
sure that her husband w o u l d want at least half of her love, half of
her care and duty.
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Cordelia really loved her father almost as much as her sisters
pretended to do. At any other time, she would have told h i m so
in stronger and more loving words. But when she saw how her
sisters' deceitful words had w o n such rich prizes, she thought the
best thing she could do was to love and be silent. This showed
that she loved h i m , but not for what she could obtain, and her
words, simple as they were, had much more truth and sincerity in
them than those of her sisters.
O l d age had made Lear so unwise that he could not tell truth
from untruth, nor a brightly painted speech from words that
came from the heart. He was so angry at Cordelia's plainness of
speech, w h i c h he called pride, that he shared the third part of his
kingdom equally between Cordelia's two sisters and their
husbands, the Dukes of Albany and Cornwall. He now called
them to h i m , and, in the presence of all his court, he gave them
his kingdom to share, together w i t h all the powers of
government. He kept only the title of king for himself, and it was
agreed that he, and a hundred soldiers to serve h i m , should live
month by month in each of his daughters' palaces in turn.
Such an unbelievably foolish division of his country, made
more in anger than by reason, filled all his nobles w i t h shock and
sorrow. But none of them had the courage to act except the Earl
of Kent. He was beginning to speak for Cordelia when the angry
Lear commanded h i m to stop or he would have h i m put to
death. To this the good Kent paid no attention. He had always
been faithful to Lear, w h o m he had honoured as a king, loved as
a father and followed as a master. He had been ready to give his
life in war against the king's enemies or when the king's safety
was in danger. N o w that Lear was his own greatest enemy, this
faithful servant argued w i t h h i m for Lear's own good.
He begged the king to follow his advice, as he had so often
done in the past, and to undo what he had so unwisely done.
Kent said that he w o u l d die rather than let Lear believe that his
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youngest daughter loved h i m less than her sisters did. As for Lear's
threats, they could not frighten a man whose life was already at
the king's service. That should not prevent h i m from speaking the
truth.
The honest words of this good Earl of Kent only made the
king more angry. Like a madman w h o kills his o w n doctor, he
ordered this true servant to leave the country, and gave h i m only
five days to prepare to do so. If, on the sixth day, he was found
w i t h i n the borders of Britain, he w o u l d be put to death.
So Kent said goodbye to the king, but before he went he
called on the gods to protect Cordelia. He only hoped that her
sisters' fine speeches w o u l d be followed by acts of love; and then
he left, as he said, to carry his old life to a new country.
The K i n g of France and the Duke of Burgundy were now
called in to hear what Lear had decided about his youngest
daughter, and to see whether they still wanted to marry Cordelia,
now that she had nothing but herself to bring them. The Duke of
Burgundy refused to have her as his wife under such conditions,
but the K i n g of France understood w h y she had lost her father's
love. He took her by the hand and said that her goodness was
w o r t h more than a kingdom. He told her to say goodbye to her
sisters and to her father, even though he had been unkind to her,
and said that she should go w i t h h i m and be his queen and rule
over a fairer kingdom than her sisters.
Then, w i t h tears in her eyes, Cordelia said goodbye to her
sisters and begged them to love their father well. They told her
that they knew their duty, and advised her to try to make her
husband happy, for he had taken her almost as a beggar. A n d so
Cordelia left, w i t h a heavy heart, because she knew the deceit of
her sisters and she wished that her father could be in better hands
than theirs.
•
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As soon as Cordelia had gone, her sisters began to show their
true characters. Even before the end of the first month, w h i c h
Lear spent w i t h his oldest daughter Goneril, the old king began
to find out the difference between promises and actions. Once
she had got from her father all that he had to give, the ungrateful
woman now began to dislike the few small signs that showed he
was still king. She could not bear to see h i m and his hundred
soldiers. Every time she met her father, she was angry w i t h h i m .
W h e n the old man wanted to speak to her, she pretended to be
sick, so she did not have to see h i m . It was plain that she thought
his old age a useless continuation of his life, and his soldiers an
unnecessary cost. She stopped showing any respect to the king
and, following her example and even her orders, her servants also
began to ignore h i m ; they refused to obey his orders or
pretended not to hear him.
Lear could not help noticing this change in his daughter's
behaviour, but he shut his eyes to it for as long as he could, just as
most people do not wish to believe the unpleasant effects of their
own mistakes.
A l l this time, the good Earl of Kent had chosen to stay in
Britain as long as there was a chance of being useful to his
. master, although he knew that if he was discovered he would be
put to death. Dressed as a servant, he offered his services to the
king. The latter did not recognize h i m as Kent in his new dress,
but was pleased w i t h his direct speech and honesty; and so an
agreement was made, and Lear took his favourite adviser back
into his service under the name of Caius.
Caius quickly found a way to show his loyalty to his royal
master. That same day one of Goneril's servants was disrespectful
to Lear and spoke rudely to h i m , as no doubt he was secretly
encouraged to do by Goneril herself. Caius quickly knocked h i m
down, and Lear was grateful for his support.
Caius was not the only friend Lear had. It was the custom of
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kings at that time to keep a fool to make them laugh after
finishing more serious business. The poor fool w h o had once
lived in Lear's palace stayed w i t h h i m after he had given away his
kingdom, and often made h i m happy, although the man often
laughed at Lear for his foolishness in giving away everything to
his daughters.
Goneril now plainly told the king that he could not continue
to stay in her palace if he still wished to keep his hundred
soldiers. She said that such a number was both expensive and
useless, and only filled her court w i t h noise and feasting. She
asked h i m to reduce the number and to keep only the old men,
men like himself and suitable for his age.
At first Lear could not believe his eyes or ears. He could not
believe that his o w n daughter w o u l d speak to h i m so unkindly.
But when she repeated her demand, the old man became
angry and said she was lying. It is true that she was; the hundred
soldiers were all men of polite behaviour and excellent manners
w h o were not in the habit of making a noise.
Lear decided to go to his other daughter, Regan, taking his
hundred soldiers w i t h h i m , and he ordered his horses to be
prepared. He spoke of Goneril's ungratefulness and prayed that
she might never have a child, or, if she did, that it might live to
show her the disrespect that she had shown to h i m . Then she
would know that a thankless child is worse than the bite of a
snake. The Duke of Albany began to make excuses for any share
w h i c h Lear might think he had in the unkindness, but Lear
refused to listen to h i m . He set out w i t h his followers for Regan's
house. He thought to himself how small Cordelia's fault ( i f it was
a fault) now seemed, compared w i t h her sister's, and he cried.
Then he was ashamed that such a creature as Goneril had
enough power over h i m to make h i m cry like this.
Regan and her husband were living in great style at their
palace. Lear sent his servant Caius w i t h letters to his daughter to
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prepare her for his arrival, while he and his soldiers followed. But
Goneril too sent letters to her sister, saying that her father would
do nothing he was asked and was bad-tempered, and advising
Regan not to receive h i m w i t h such a large number of followers.
This messenger arrived at the same time as Caius, and it was
the servant w h o m Caius had formerly knocked down for his
rude behaviour to Lear. Caius suspected what he had come for,
and spoke angrily to h i m . He asked h i m to fight, but the servant
refused. Caius then gave h i m a good beating, but when Regan
and her husband heard of this, they ordered Caius to be publicly
beaten and tied up in the square for everyone to see, even though
he was a messenger from the king and should have been treated
w i t h respect. So the first thing the king saw when he entered the
castle was his servant sitting in that shameful situation.
This was a bad sign of how he might expect to be received,
but a worse one followed. W h e n he asked for his daughter and
her husband, he was told that they were very tired after travelling
all night, and could not see h i m . He was angry and demanded to
see them, but when at last they came to greet h i m , the hated
Goneril was w i t h them. She had come to tell her o w n story and
set her sister against the king, her father.
The old man was very upset by this sight, and even more so
when he saw Regan take Goneril by the hand. He asked Goneril
if she was not ashamed to look at his white beard. Regan advised
h i m to go home again w i t h Goneril and live w i t h her peacefully,
sending away half his soldiers and asking her forgiveness. She said
that he was old and lacking in good sense, and must be ruled by
persons w h o had more wisdom than himself.
Lear asked if he should go down on his knees and beg for
food and clothes from his o w n daughter. He said that he would
never return w i t h her but would stay w i t h Regan, he and his
hundred soldiers, for she had not forgotten the half of the
kingdom w h i c h he had given her, and her eyes were not cold
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like Goneril's, but gentle and kind. He also said that rather than
return to Goneril w i t h only half his soldiers, he would go to
France and beg help from the k i n g w h o had married his
youngest daughter when she had nothing.
But he was mistaken in thinking that he w o u l d receive kinder
treatment from Regan than he had done from her sister Goneril.
She now declared that she thought 50 soldiers were too many to
wait on h i m , and that 25 were enough. Then Lear, nearly
heartbroken, turned to Goneril and said that he w o u l d go back
w i t h her, for her 50 was double 25, and so her love was twice as
much as Regan's. B u t Goneril excused herself and asked why he
needed so many as twenty-five, or even ten, or even five, when
her own servants or her sister's could look after h i m .
So these two ungrateful daughters each tried to be more cruel
than the other to their old father, w h o had been so good to
them. Their aim was gradually to rob h i m of all his soldiers and of
all the respect that was left to show that he had once been a king.
It was hard to change from a king to a beggar, and it was his
daughters' ungratefulness w h i c h hurt this poor king so much. His
m i n d began to become unbalanced and, though he did not know
what he was saying, he promised that these unnatural creatures
should be punished.
W h i l e he was threatening what his weak arm could never
perform, night fell, and a fearful storm of thunder, lightning and
rain began. His daughters still refused to let his followers enter,
and Lear called for his horses, saying that he would rather face
the greatest anger of the storm outside than stay under the same
roof as these ungrateful daughters. Reminding h i m that the
actions of foolish men bring their o w n just punishment, they let
h i m go and shut their doors on h i m .
The w i n d was high, and the rain and the storm increased
when the old man went out to struggle against them. For many
miles there was hardly a bush for shelter. On a stretch of
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wasteland, K i n g Lear wandered about, shouting in anger against
the w i n d and the thunder. He commanded the w i n d to blow the
earth into the sea, or to make the waves so big that they drowned
the earth, so that no sign remained of such an ungrateful animal
as man. The k i n g was now left w i t h no other companion than
the fool, who still stayed w i t h him. He tried to cheer the k i n g up
w i t h his amusing words: he-said it was a bad night for swimming,
and that the king had better go and ask for his daughters' help.
This once great king was found in this condition by his ever-
faithful servant the good Earl of Kent, now k n o w n as Caius. He
said, 'O good sir, are you here? Creatures that love the night do
not love such nights as these. This terrible storm has driven the
animals to their hiding places. Man's nature cannot bear it.' But
Lear reminded h i m that one does not feel smaller evils when
there is a greater illness. W h e n the m i n d is balanced, the body has
time to feel i l l , but the storm in his m i n d took away all other
feeling from h i m . He spoke again of his daughters' disloyalty, and
said it was as if the mouth tore the hand for lifting food to it; for
parents were hands and food and everything to children.
Caius still continued to beg the king not to stay out in the
open air, and at last persuaded h i m to enter a miserable little hut
that they came to. The fool entered first but ran out in terror
saying that he had seen a spirit. The spirit proved to be nothing
but a poor beggar, w h o had gone into this hut for shelter and
w h o had frightened the fool by talking about devils. W h e n the
king saw h i m , w i t h only a cloth around his waist, he was sure that
he was a man w h o had given away everything to his daughters.
He believed that nothing could bring a man to such misery
except u n k i n d children.
From this, and from many w i l d speeches w h i c h he made, the
good Caius saw clearly that Lear was not in his right m i n d , but
that the cruel treatment he had suffered from his daughters had
really made h i m mad.
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