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•
The terror w h i c h Hamlet had experienced at the sight of the
ghost almost drove h i m mad. He feared that it w o u l d continue to
have this effect, and that this might make his uncle suspicious, if
the king suspected that Hamlet knew more of his father's death
than he appeared to do. So from that time he decided to act as if
he were really and truly mad. His dress, speech and behaviour
became w i l d and strange, and he pretended to be a madman so
excellently that the k i n g and queen were both deceived. N o t
thinking that his grief for his father's death could produce such
illness in his mind, they believed that it was caused by love.
Before Hamlet fell into this sad condition, he had dearly loved
a beautiful girl called Ophelia, the daughter of Polonius, the
king's chief minister. He had sent her letters and rings, and made
many offers of love to her, and she had believed all his promises.
But his unhappy state of m i n d made h i m forget her, and from the
time when he pretended to be mad, he treated her w i t h great
unkindness.
She, good lady, did not want to blame h i m for being false to
her, so she persuaded herself that it was only the illness in his
m i n d w h i c h made h i m take less notice of her than before. She
compared the qualities of his noble mind, now weakened by the
deep sadness that troubled h i m , to sweet bells, w h i c h are able to
give most beautiful music but which, when played out of tune,
produce only a rough and unpleasant sound.
Although the business w h i c h Hamlet had in his m i n d — the
punishment of his father's murderer — d i d not allow h i m to think
of love, there were times when k i n d thoughts of Ophelia came
to h i m . In one of these moments, when it seemed to h i m that his
treatment of this gentle lady had been too cruel, he wrote her a
letter full o f w i l d words, w h i c h seemed to express his madness
but were at the same time mixed w i t h signs that he still cared.
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These showed this honoured lady that a deep love for her still lay
at the bottom of his heart. He told her to doubt that the stars
were fire and to doubt that the sun moved, but never to doubt
that he loved her.
Ophelia showed this letter to her father, and he felt it to be his
duty to show it to the king and queen. From that moment they
were sure that the true cause of Hamlet's madness was love. The
queen certainly hoped that the beauty of Ophelia was the cause
of his strangeness, and that her goodness would bring h i m back
to his former way of life.
But Hamlet's illness lay deeper than she thought and it could
not be cured by love. His father's ghost still filled his imagination,
and the command to take revenge for his murder gave h i m no
rest. Every hour of delay seemed to h i m to be wrong. But it was
not easy to cause the death of the king, as he was always
surrounded by his guards. Or if they were not there, Hamlet's
mother was usually w i t h her husband, and this stopped h i m from
doing what he wanted to do. Also, the act of putting another
creature to death was hateful and terrible to someone whose
character was so naturally gentle as Hamlet's, and his sadness
made h i m weak and anxious. Finally, he could not help having
some doubts about whether the spirit he had seen was really his
father, or whether it might have been the devil w h o had taken
his father's shape in order to drive h i m to the act of murder. He
decided that he w o u l d try to get more certain proof of the
ghost's story, w h i c h might be false.
•
W h i l e he was in this state of mind, some actors, w h o had often
given Hamlet great pleasure in the past, came to the court. He
had especially liked to hear one of them make a sad speech
describing the death of old Priam, K i n g of Troy, and the grief of
Hecuba, his queen.
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Hamlet welcomed his old friends and asked the actor if he
would repeat that speech for h i m . He did so in a manner that
almost made the scene come to life. He described the cruel
murder of the weak old king, w i t h the destruction of his people
and city by fire; and he told of the mad grief of the old queen,
running up and down the palace, w i t h only a simple cloth on her
head where a crown had been, and another to cover her body,
where she had once w o r n a royal dress. The speech caused tears
from everyone w h o stood near, and even the actor himself
delivered it in a broken voice and w i t h real tears in his eyes.
This made Hamlet realize that while that actor could put such
great feeling into a story, and cry for Hecuba w h o had been dead
for hundreds of years, he himself was so emotionless that he had
let his revenge He asleep all this time in dull forgetfulness.
W h i l e he was thinking about actors and acting, and the
powerful effect w h i c h a good play has on those w h o see it, he
remembered the case of a murderer w h o saw a murder on the
stage and was so moved by the force of the scene that he
admitted to the crime w h i c h he had done. He decided that these
actors should play something like the murder of his father in
front of his uncle, and he w o u l d watch closely to see what effect
it might have on the king; he could then make up his m i n d w i t h
more certainty if he were the murderer or not. He ordered a play
to be prepared, and invited the king and queen to attend its
performance.
The story of the play was the murder of a duke in Vienna. The
duke's name was Gonzago, and his wife's was Baptista. The play
showed how a certain Lucianus, a near relation of the duke,
poisoned h i m in his garden to get his property, and how the
murderer soon afterwards w o n the love of Gonzago's wife.
At the performance of this play, the king, w h o did not know
the trap w h i c h was set for h i m , was present w i t h his queen and
the whole court. Hamlet sat very near h i m to watch his
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expressions. The play began w i t h a conversation between
Gonzago and his wife. In this the lady made many promises of
love and said that she would never marry a second husband if she
lived longer than Gonzago. She even wished that God would
strike her d o w n if she ever took a second husband, and added
that no women did so except those w h o kill their first husbands.
Hamlet saw the king change colour at these words, and knew
that it was hateful both to h i m and to the queen. But when
Lucianus, according to the story, came to poison Gonzago while
he was asleep in his garden, Claudius was so nervous that he was
unable to sit through the rest of the play. Calling for lights, and
pretending or feeling a sudden sickness, he quickly left the
theatre. After he had gone, the play was stopped.
N o w Hamlet had seen enough to be satisfied that the words of
the ghost were true. He swore to Horatio that he w o u l d believe
everything it had said. But before he could make up his m i n d
what form his revenge should take, now that he knew his uncle
to be his father's murderer, his mother asked h i m to attend a
private meeting in her room.
•
It was the king's wish that the queen should send for Hamlet, so
that she could inform her son how much his recent behaviour
had displeased them both. Wishing to know all that happened at
this meeting, and thinking that Hamlet's mother might not tell
h i m everything that Hamlet said, the king ordered old Polonius
to hide behind the curtains in the queen's room; there, unseen, he
could hear all their conversation.
As soon as Hamlet came, his mother began to speak angrily
about his bad behaviour. She told h i m that he had given great
offence to his father — she meant the king, his uncle, to w h o m she
was now married.
Hamlet was angry that she should give such a dear and
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respectful name as father to the murderer of his true father, and
he replied, sharply, 'Mother, you have much offended my father.'
The queen asked h i m if he had forgotten w h o he was
speaking to.
' O h ! ' replied Hamlet.'I wish I could forget.You are the queen,
your husband's brother's wife; and you are my mother. I wish you
were not what you are.' Taking her by the wrist, made her sit
down. He wanted to try to make her understand everything that
was wrong w i t h the way she was living.
She was frightened by his strange manner and worried that, in
his madness, he might harm her. She cried out, and a voice was
heard from behind the curtains,'Help, help, the queen!'
W h e n Hamlet heard this, he thought it was the king himself
w h o was hidden there. He pulled out his sword and struck at the
place where the voice came from. At last the voice stopped and
he believed the person to be dead. W h e n he pulled out the body,
though, he found that it was not the king - it was Polonius, the
old minister, w h o had hidden there as a secret listener.
' O h ! ' shouted the queen. 'What a foolish and bloody act!'
'A bloody act, mother,' replied Hamlet, 'but not as bad as
yours, when you killed a k i n g and married his brother.'
Hamlet had said too much to stop here. Even though the
faults of parents should be treated gently by their children, in the
case of great crimes a son may speak w i t h some unkindness to his
o w n mother, as long as that unkindness is meant for her good
and to t u r n her from her bad ways. This good prince, in moving
words, showed the queen that she was wrong to be so forgetful of
the dead king, his father; he reminded her that in a short space of
time she married his brother, his suspected murderer. After the
promises w h i c h she had made to her first husband, such an act
was enough to make people doubt all promises made by women,
to think that all goodness was a pretence, and their religion only
a f o r m of words.
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He showed her two pictures — one of the late king, her first
husband, and the other of the present king, her second husband —
and he told her to notice the difference. What nobility there was
on his father's face! H o w like a god he looked! A n d how ugly the
second face was, the face of a man who had destroyed his own
good brother. A n d the queen was bitterly ashamed that he was
forcing her to look at her o w n soul, which she now saw was so
black and evil.
Then Hamlet asked her how she could continue to live w i t h
Claudius and be a wife to the man w h o had murdered her first
husband, and stolen his crown . . .
As he was speaking, the ghost of his father entered the room.
In great fear, Hamlet asked what it wanted. The ghost said that it
had come to remind h i m of the revenge w h i c h Hamlet had
promised but seemed to have forgotten. It also told h i m to speak
to his mother again before her grief and fear killed her. Then it
disappeared, and was seen only by Hamlet. He could not make
his mother see it either by pointing to where it stood or by any
description of it. But she was greatly frightened all this time to
hear h i m talking to nothing, as it seemed to her; and she believed
it to be the result of the disorder in his mind.
Hamlet begged her not to think that it was his madness, rather
than her own offences, w h i c h had brought his father's spirit to
earth again. He told her to feel the beating of his heart - how
regular it was, not like a madman's. A n d he begged her, w i t h tears
in his eyes, to admit to heaven what was past, and in future to
avoid the company of the king. W h e n she showed herself to be a
mother to h i m by respecting his father's memory, he w o u l d ask
her to forgive h i m as a son. She promised to do what he asked.
N o w Hamlet had time to consider w h o it was that he had
unfortunately and unwisely killed. W h e n he saw that it was
Polonius, the father of Ophelia, w h o m he so dearly loved, he
cried bitterly for what he had done.
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