engi
[ibid., 156].)
34. Kawashima,
Itineraries of Power
, 188. I will not engage with the idea of “else-
where” that she posits as a part of this formation of power (ibid., 190–97), because it
does not connect directly to how
The Water Mirror
positions its players.
Multilingual Writing in Medieval Japan
101
criticized the ascetic’s incomplete dismissal of the world, admonishing
him for an undue valorization of the past: “Do not make the mistake of
basically despising the present as worthless, but assuming that the past
was diff erent. You must think of all of the three realms [past, present,
and future] as things to be shunned. The aspect of this very world changes
this way and that over time. One must not praise the past and despise
the present. . . . I would like to talk to you who single-mindedly eschew
only the present and think that the past was not also thus; why not dis-
pel but a bit of this fetish and help you along the Buddha path?”
35
The
ascetic relates his eager acceptance of the above invitation, which provides
the setting for an exposition on the nature of cosmic time, one that harks
back to Yotsugi’s remarks toward the end of
The Great Mirror
(discussed
in chapte
r 1
) but that contains much greater detail.
36
The most significant feature of this explanation for the present under-
taking is that time is portrayed as an endless cycle of rise and decline,
sparsely punctuated by a few key events: the birth of the historical Buddha;
the eventual birth of the future buddha Maitreya; and, at an unfathomably
distant time, the appearance of 994 buddhas.
37
In the immortal’s discourse,
this is then tied to conditions in contemporary Japan through the conten-
tion that things long ago were uncertain in a way similar to the present.
35. Kaneko e
t
al.,
Mizukagami zen chūshaku
, 17. For an alternative interpretation
of
sangai
(the three realms) as samsara—the realms of desire, form, and formlessness—
see ibid., 19. Both meanings are possible in the premodern lexicon. However, the im-
portance of a conceptualization of time as consisting of three realms is suggested by the
performance of rites such as the
butsumyōe
, which expiated the sins of the three ages
(past, present, and future). The first
butsumyōe
is even noted in
The Water Mirror
(ibid.,
435). For a partial historical account of the rite from 1180, see Nakayama,
Sankaiki
,
3:148–49.
36. Rather than present this exegesis of the workings of cosmic time as an eyewit-
ness account, the narrator in effect distinguishes between a larger account of the uni-
verse or universes and the specific historical account to follow. This contrastive posi-
tioning is unprecedented in the earlier
Mirrors
, and it is tempting to read it through
Paul Ricoeur’s analysis of the “transition from living memory to the ‘extrinsic’ positing
of historical knowledge,” whereby “it is as one of the formal conditions of possibility of
the historiographical operation that the notion of a third-order time appears” (
Memory,
History, Forgetting
, 153).
37. Kaneko e
t
al.,
Mizukagami zen chūshaku
, 22–23. This is a bit puzzling, since
according to mainstream Mahayana teachings, after Maitreya’s birth there should be
995 buddhas, not 994. See Jan Nattier,
Once Upon a Future Time
, 25.
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