188
Containing China
toriographic road, on the level of overarching discourse, they were re-
duced to an often contradictory or incoherent muddle. Because they could
explain everything, in the end, they explained nothing. Although the sub-
sequent
Mirrors
continue to depict events
as subject to cosmological
laws, none of them returns to the rhetoric of principle.
However, principles are not the only rhetorical touchstone to dis-
appear from the
Mirrors
. In a phenomenon that can scarcely be uncon-
nected, the very idea of the final age (
mappō
and its synonyms) also re-
cedes ever further from center stage in the
Mirrors
as Japan moves into
the Kamakura period. To be sure, the final age can probably be assumed
to be what drives the decline of the Buddhist teachings in China that in-
spires Shigenori’s narrator’s informants to travel to Japan, but this is
never stated. There is no overt final age in
The China Mirror
. As chap-
ter
4 will demonstrate,
mappō
does not play an informing role in
The Mir-
ror of the East
either. This contrasts not only with
My Humble Thoughts
but
also with the earlier
Mirrors
more broadly. Court-focused, they are all
preoccupied with a decline, implicit or explicit, that comes to a head in
The Water Mirror
and its repeated avowals that the present moment does
not mark the end of the world—despite what the never openly addressed
Genpei War might suggest. In that context, “principles” provide an anti-
dote to the final age, proving that there is a world beyond the present.
Yet once
mappō
(or at the very least, the decline of the imperial court) no
longer dominates the narrative of the
Mirror
writers, mapping historical
change to a single decisive force or path also garners less attention. This
is not to say that history is no longer subject to cosmological laws or forces
in the Kamakura historiographic
Mirrors
, but rather that those laws and
forces are articulated largely in a
language other than that of
dōri
.
To return to
The China Mirror
, as mentioned above, Shigenori’s fo-
cus on China indicates a repositioning with relation to the metaphor of
the
Mirror
that may also be linked with his nonuse of “principle” rhe-
toric. The earlier
Mirrors
had all claimed that they would reveal an order
to historical events: cause and effect, origins and endings, or even simply
finite decline.
The China Mirror
’s new perspective is hinted at in the line
from the preface mentioned above in which Shigenori speaks of “us[ing
the past] to reflect on things.”
143
This becomes more readily apparent if
143. Hirasawa and Yoshida,
Kara kagami: Shōkōkanbon
, 11.
The Continent as Object of Knowledge
189
one considers the following remarks of Emperor Taizong of the Tang
(mourning the loss of his trusted advisor and former tutor, Wei Zheng,
580–643 CE) to which Shigenori is alluding:
夫以銅為鏡,
Those who use bronze as a mirror
可以正衣冠;
can set to rights their robes and caps.
以古為鏡,
Those
who use the past as a mirror
可以知興替;
can comprehend changing fortunes.
以人為鏡,
Those who use man as a mirror
可以明得失。
can understand gains and losses.
朕常保此三鏡,
We always
maintain these three mirrors
以防已過。
to guard against transgression.
144
The past here is part of a catalogue of materials that can be used in a cor-
rective or preventive capacity. Rather than turning to the past for a rev-
elation of the existence of Buddhist principles that drive historical change,
the ruler looks to it as one means among many for self-regulation—“to
guard against transgression.” This is quite diff erent from the purpose of
Dostları ilə paylaş: