«tasdiqlayman» Tabiiy fanlar fakulteti dekani K. Asqarov

Baholash mezonlari:
1. Konspekt va ma’ruza matni tuzilishining to’g’riligi (uning barcha bo’limlarini aks ettirish).
2. Konspekt va ma’ruza matnining to’liqligi (hajmning yetarliligi, rejalarning yoritib berilganligi).
3. Ma’ruzaning muammoli qismini raqam bilan ifodalangan tavsif sifati. savollarning mavjudligi, prognozlash yo'nalishlarining mavjudligi, tuzatuvchi materiallarni ishlab chiqish (faktlar, dalillar va boshqalar)
4. Nutqga ishonch, materialga yo'naltirilganlik, uni tinglovchilarga taqdim etishning ochiqligi.
5. Elektron materialni tayyorlash sifati ( formatlash, asosiy fikrlarni ajratib ko'rsatish, materialning tuzilishi)


Tavsiya etilgan adabiyotlar:

1. 
   Qodirov I.Q. Odam anatomiyasi. Lotin.Toshkent. “Universitet”. 2007, 276 bet.
   
2. 
   Qodirov I.Q. Odam anatomiyasi. Toshkent, «Chinor» 2003 y.
   
3. 
   I.K.Axmedov “Atlas odam anatomiyasi” T. “Uzb. Milliy ensiklopediyasi”.1998y ( INV-1-tom-6463, INV-2-tom-6300).
   
4. 
   Xudoyberdiev.R.E., Axmedov N.K. “Odam anatomiyasi” T. “Ibn Sino” 1993y (INV-U-4982)
   
5. 
   Ahmedov.A. “Odam Anatomiyasi” T. “Iqtisod moliya” 2007 y. (INV-U-6623)
   
6. 
   R.Boxodirov “Odam anatomiyasi” T. “O‘zbekiston”, 2006 y (INV-6403)
   
7. 
   Axmedov N.K. ATLAS. Odam anatomiyasi. Toshkent. "Tibbiyot nashiri" 1996.F.N.Bohodirov. “Odam anatomiyasi”. O‘zbekiston.T.2006y.(INV-6403)
   

Mustaqil ta’lim topshiriqlari № 4.
2-Topshiriq.

• 
  traxeya xaqidagi inglizcha matnni o’zbek tiliga tarjima qilish.
  
• 
  bronhlar xaqidagi inglizcha matnni o’zbek tiliga tarjima qilish.
  
• 
  o’pkalar xaqidagi inglizcha matnni o’zbek tiliga tarjima qilish.
  

TRACHEA
The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in almost all air-breathing animals with lungs. The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi. At the top of the trachea the cricoid cartilage attaches it to the larynx. The trachea is formed by a number of horseshoe-shaped rings, joined together vertically by overlying ligaments, and by the trachealis muscle at their ends. The epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing.
The trachea begins to form in the second month of embryo development, becoming longer and more fixed in its position over time. It is epithelium lined with column-shaped cells that have hair-like extensions called cilia, with scattered goblet cells that produce protective mucins. The trachea can be affected by inflammation or infection, usually as a result of a viral illness affecting other parts of the respiratory tract, such as the larynx and bronchi, called croup, that can result in a barking cough. Infection with bacteria usually affects the trachea only and can cause narrowing or even obstruction. As a major part of the respiratory tract, when obstructed the trachea prevents air entering the lungs and so a tracheostomy may be required if the trachea is obstructed. Additionally, during surgery if mechanical ventilation is required when a person is sedated, a tube is inserted into the trachea, called intubation.
The word trachea is used to define a very different organ in invertebrates than in vertebrates. Insects have an open respiratory system made up of spiracles, tracheae, and tracheoles to transport metabolic gases to and from tissues.
Structure[edit]
An adult's trachea has an inner diameter of about 1.5 to 2 centimetres (0.59 to 0.79 in) and a length of about 10 to 11 centimetres (3.9 to 4.3 in); wider in males than females.^[2] It begins at the bottom of the larynx and ends at the carina, the point where the trachea branches into the left and right main bronchi.^[2] The trachea is surrounded by 16–20 rings of hyaline cartilage; these 'rings' are 4 millimetres high in the adult, incomplete and C-shaped.^[2] Ligaments connect the rings.^[3] The trachealis muscle connects the ends of the incomplete rings and runs along the back wall of the trachea.^[3] Also adventitia, which is the outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds the hyaline cartilage, contributes to the trachea's ability to bend and stretch with movement.^[4]
The trachea begins at the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx^[3] and ends at the carina, the point where the trachea branches into left and right main bronchi.^[2] The trachea begins level with the sixth cervical vertebra (C6), and the carina is found at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra (T4),^[2] although its position may change with breathing.^[3]