The formation and specific characteristics of the labor market in uzbekistan table of contents

CHAPTER I. FORMATION OF THE LABOR MARKET
1.1. The nature and formation of the labor market
The labor market is the relationship between the employed and unemployed parts of the working-age population and the employers, which buys and sells "working skills" on the basis of contracts (labor agreements) that take into account the personal interests of both parties. It is a complex, multi-faceted, growing and open socio-economic system of the market economy that directly regulates the ratio between supply and demand for labor force.

It should be noted that the socio-economic content of the concept of "labour market" and a systematic study of its components will also allow to determine the main tasks performed during the transition period of this market:
- formation of the size, composition and ratio of supply and demand for labor force;
- regulation of supply and demand for labor force with the help of economic, social and legal mechanisms of market management;
- direct impact on ensuring reasonable employment of labor resources ;
- to help the unemployed to find a job , to increase their qualifications and competitiveness;
- reducing production costs and changing the division of labor.
The freedom and voluntariness of labor is the main condition or condition for the formation of the labor market.
In addition, there are a number of economic, social, demographic, natural-climatic and legal conditions and factors that directly affect the formation of the labor market, which we will consider in more detail below.
The main economic conditions for the formation of the labor market (MB) are individual ownership of employees and collective or private ownership of employers' workplaces. It should be noted here that this subject is forced to enter into a relationship of mutual exchange by their personal interests, behind which lies personal consumerism. They, in their turn, will be the expression of only the necessary social needs of the socio-economic life of the population in repeated production.
The creation of MB requires free and equal partners in economic relations who are ready to compete with each other to achieve a balance between supply and demand for labor. In the market, the wage earner and the employer are interrelated and interdependent in terms of personal freedom and economic necessity, but they oppose each other.
Achieving a market balance between labor supply and demand is one of the decisive economic conditions for the formation of MB. But to bring such a balance is very complicated and certainly by artificial means. Based on the laws of the market , it is not possible at all. The main reason for this is the rapid increase in the number of the working population offered compared to the demand for it.
Among the social conditions of the formation of the labor market conjuncture, the increase in the quality indicators of hired employees and employers takes a leading place.
The employment contract (contract) concluded between the employer and the hired employee is the decisive legal condition for the sale and purchase of labor in the labor market.
Natural climatic conditions serve as an important motivating factor for the improvement of the ratio of supply and demand for labor force. In highly productive agricultural lands and habitats with sufficient water , labor is more concentrated and workplaces function normally. By creating new jobs and expanding existing enterprises, there will be some opportunities to balance the demand and supply of labor. This has a direct impact on the level of redundancy of labor resources, and thus the unemployment rate.
At the same time, the study of the factors that directly affect the increase in the demand for labor force and the decrease in its supply in the regions of our republic with excess labor resources is of the most important socio-economic importance. Factors justifying the increase in labor demand include: creation of new jobs in non-agricultural sectors, technical re-equipment, modernization, renovation of existing regions where labor is used, attraction of foreign investments, development of new land, processing industry , providing services and expanding the scope of personal labor activities, developing small and medium-sized businesses and private entrepreneurship, etc. At the same time, there are factors that reduce the supply of labor force and the need for jobs. They are: development of personal auxiliary economy, individual labor activity, private entrepreneurship and other areas of self-employment, expansion of flexible and non-standard forms of employment, implementation of market methods of production and labor organization, reduction of inflation and unemployment. , improving the mobility (mobility) and qualification of local personnel, etc.
contribute to a decrease in the demand for labor in regions with low labor resources . In particular, it is the development of rent and private ownership, closing of insolvent or environmentally harmful enterprises, reducing the scope of new land development, improving the supply of material, technical and financial resources, using intensive technology, increase labor productivity and so on. In addition, there are factors that increase the supply of labor in these regions: low level of qualification, education, mobility and exportability of personnel, high growth rate of the number of labor resources compared to the number of jobs, release of agricultural workers from the workplace. increase, lack of employment regions, etc.
At the same time, there are factors that have a significant impact on the state of formation of labor supply as a whole. They include: natural and mechanical actions of job seekers, hired employees and employers; fund of funds necessary for life; monetary income of the hired employee; labor and social pensions, benefits and guarantees of pensioners and women of childbearing age; financial capabilities of the state, enterprise and family providing funds to persons in need of professional training or retraining and upgrading their qualifications; the number of people employed in private household and unpaid "home work"; The number of people serving in the Armed Forces and their length of service; improvement of alternative and qualified professional services, etc.
The increase or decrease (dynamics) of labor demand is determined by changes in the following quantity and quality indicators:

have the means of production , with the help of which production can be organized or expanded, and secondly, the presence of people who do not have means of production and are not employed. These are the main subjects of the labor market, participants of the labor market ². The labor market is an important sphere of economic and socio-political life of the society. Currently, the labor market has become one of the components of economic management. According to some experts , the labor market is seen as a mechanism representing the demand and supply of labor force, while another group of economists believe that the labor market only creates conditions for meeting the demand for labor force. There is also a third type of category , according to them, the labor market represents a complex system of relations between the reproduction of labor power of one's own ability and their exchange in the system of social distribution of goods into vital everyday tools based on the laws of commodity production and exchange.
The essence of the labor market as an economic concept, its characteristics in various socio-economic conditions, the mechanism of reproduction, distribution, appropriation and use of labor force, the role and importance of this concept in the system of economic relations of this or that society, representatives of classical economic theory, and famous foreign countries was the subject of research of economists. It has been studied by A. Smith and D. Ricardo to J. Keynes, M. Friedman, Ya. Kornai and many other economists. There are also definitions of the concept of labor market by Russian and many Uzbek scientists. S. Yu. Roshshin, according to Torazumova's definition, "the labor market is a mutual movement of labor demand and labor supply, distribution of labor resources based on the market mechanism and signs ³. According to the definition of PEShlender and Professor YPKokin: "labour market is a component of market economy, it means a social system of social relations in which the interests of hired labor and employers are agreed. The labor market is, firstly, a set of economic relations between the demand and supply of labor, secondly, a place where various economic and social interests and functions collide, and thirdly, from the point of view of enterprises, it is an area of interaction between an individual enterprise and its workers, a firm. According to BMGenkin's definition: "the labor market is, first of all , ⁴a mechanism for the agreement of the interests of the employer and the employed. In addition, there is a need to manage social relations in the labor market , and the interests of the state are determined ⁵. " L. Maksakova believes that it is necessary to use the concept of "labour market" instead of the concept of "labor market". It will be more correct if the concept of "labor market" is used, researcher ⁶V. Apavlenkov notes that in a market economy, the labor market includes all those who are able to work for hire, both those who are employed and those who are not employed. covers AANikiforova offers another general definition: " The level of development of the labor market and the forces participating in the market: it emerged as a system of social relations that reflects the balance of interests achieved in a certain period between entrepreneurs, workers and the state." According to ISMaslova's definition, the labor market is a growing system, in which ownership entities form the volume, structure and ratio of demand for work places and labor force, the demand for employees and "salaried work, and production factors (labor tools and labor force ) interacts with". The labor market exists, but "in a truncated, deformed form, moreover, it does not have an all-inclusive character , but covers only a part of labor relations" ⁷. According to the definition of Q. Abdurakhmanov and F. Mamarakhimov, "The labor market is understood as a set of socio-economic relations related to the sale, purchase and use of labor." According to the definition of Sh.R. Kholmo'minov, the labor market is the relationship between the employed and unemployed parts of the working population and the employers, taking into account their personal interests, " ” is a complex, multi-faceted, growing and open socio-economic system of the market economy, which directly regulates the ratio between supply and demand for labor force ⁸. According to the definition of D. Rahimova, O. Abdurahmanov , "the labor market can be understood as a category, an analytical construction that allows to describe the environment in which the seller and buyer of labor power determines its value and distributes the offered labor services." The concept of "labour market" includes the purchase and use of labor force , that is, it consists of the labor force and the market for jobs. Labor relations require the existence of a market of jobs at the same time as a labor market, because in the conditions of a market economy, the labor process can be carried out only when both forms of the market exist . The peculiarity of the labor market is that after the conclusion of the contract for the exchange of labor power for money, a certain production process takes place. therefore , labor power is first consumed and then paid for. The labor market is a set of socio-economic relations related to the sale, purchase and use of labor power. If the labor market is formed as a set of desires of the working population to find a field to offer their abilities to work, the labor market is formed as the total needs of enterprises and organizations for labor force. However, the labor market, due to its socio-economic nature, first of all represents the needs of the population for jobs. Satisfying these needs is the basis for effective use of labor potential and formation of effective employment. It should be noted that a systematic study of the socio-economic content of the concept of "labor market" and its components allows to determine the main tasks performed during the transition period of this market:
- formation of the size, structure and ratio of supply and demand for labor force ;
- regulation of demand and supply of labor force with the help of economic, social and legal mechanisms of market management;
- direct impact on ensuring reasonable employment of labor resources;
the unemployed to find a job and improve their skills and competitiveness;
- encouragement to reduce production costs and improve the division of labor.
They encourage the competitive attraction of workers freed from agriculture to industry, services and other sectors that use concrete labor, and thus create a labor pool in the circulation sector and allow them to remain unoccupied. . The most accurate conclusion from this point of view was developed by IAKarimov: " On the basis of the formation of the demand and supply of labor resources of the labor market, with a view to a specific goal in the fields and branches of the enterprise, types and forms of training. should act as a means of distribution and redistribution". Based on this, the labor market can be defined as follows: in the labor market, the labor force is formed, regulated and distributed by enterprises, industries and regions.