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determining each species’ “particular level of intelligence” almost exclusively in
their hands
—had “merely strung together” innumerable anecdotes with “more or
less inadequate” discrimination (v-vi). He is particularly careful to distinguish
himself from these “anecdote-mongers,” as the “only methods” at his disposal
are equally reliant on anecdotal evidence (v, vii). At all times he reasserts his
“sound scientific intention” that the
ultimate
purpose of this “mapping out of
animal psychology” is for “subsequent synthesis” and to lay “a firm foundation”
for a
“future treatise on Mental Evolution” (vii). Nonetheless, he also defends
Animal
Intelligence
on the grounds that there
“should be something resembling
a text-book of the facts of Comparative Psychology
,” and that the “systematic
arrangement” of these facts is in itself “
a worthy object of scientific endeavour
”
(v-vii, emphasis added). It is not necessary to describe here his complex
method of selecting and verifying the credibility of both the anecdotes and their
sources, but suffice it to say, as a biologist Romanes was hesitant about their
use. It is important to remember this anxiety around anecdotal evidence,
however, and particularly its association with unreliable amateurs and
Romanes
’ preference for “observers well known as competent” (viii).
Like Darwin, Romanes believed that the distance between human and
animal intelligence was
only a matter of degrees, and hence that
there was “no
difference
in kind
between the act of reason performed by [a] crab and any act
of reason performed by a man” (
Mental Evolution
337, emphasis original). While
the notion of nonhu
man ‘reason’ carries connotations of anthropomorphism,
Romanes uses it as a synonym for ‘intelligence’
and carefully defines it in
relation to instinct and reflex action:
Reflex action is non-mental neuro-muscular adjustment, due to the
inherited mechanism of the nervous system, which is formed to respond
to particular
and often recurring stimuli, by giving rise to particular
movements of an adaptive though not of an
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