Allmark-Kent 101
An animal could appear as him or herself
—as an individual with some
measure of autonomy, agency, voice, character,
and as a member of a
species with a nature that has certain typical capabilities and limitations.
Of course, there are problems with knowing an animal in this way but,
like any other critical position, the degree to which an animal is presented
true to himself or herself is an evaluative ideal. (344)
I suggest, then, that the wild animal story’s fantasy of knowing the animal
constitutes just such an alternative. Yes, these depictions
are
a fantasy, but
they also
demonstrate a sincere attempt to “empathize with the world-as-
experienced by that animal” (345). It is
worth noting, again, Sandlos’ description
of this creative objective:
At the root, this is the unique innovation of these early Canadian animal
stories: a realist depiction of nature as
a living terrain that contains many
living, breathing, and interacting subjects
, as opposed to a purely
imaginative nature that emphasizes picturesque or sublime qualities, as
with the eighteenth-century landscape tradition, or one that emphasizes
the creative experience of the human observer, as is common with
Romantic literature. (
Fur and Feathers
78-9, emphasis added)
Here, however, he omits a vital component of this “realist depiction.” I believe
that an e
qually significant aspect is the authors’ attempt to engage with science.
As Roberts observes
in his preface to
Kindred
, books like
Black Beauty
and
Beautiful Joe
“have done a great service” in promoting animal welfare, but “their
psychology is human” (27). It is crucial that we do not neglect the “framework of
natural science” (24) upon which Seton and Roberts attempted to create their
zoocentric narratives.
In this section I will consider the ways in which Seton and Roberts
express the animality, individuality, and autonomy of their nonhuman
protagonists. As I have stated above, I will endeavour
to discuss them in
separation as individual characteristics of the genre, although some crossover
is inevitable.