a mere film stretched over a
horrible ground-mass of savagery
. Man is no farther advanced in his own
development than Ecitons or Ponerines are in theirs. (85, emphasis
added)
Grove performs a reversal, not only of the observer-observed relationship, but
of the dichotomy between human
reason and animal instinct. Indeed, F.P.G.’s
introduction remarks: “It is interesting to see, in the pages that follow, how much
of man’s activities ants ascribe to instinct” (18). The defamiliarizing, zoocentric
perspective reminds readers that they are animals
—relatives of those they
squash with their shoe or eat for dinner
—endowed with the ability to think,
define, and self-
style themselves as ‘human.’ The casual, thoughtless way in
which each act of violence is committed undermines belief in uniquely human
‘reason’ and ‘intelligence.’ Wawa-quee’s voice of nonhuman outrage breaks the
‘civilized’ silence of speciesism which enables the thoughtless, guiltless murder
of all
‘those’ not designated ‘human.’
The strength of this defamiliarization relies on Wawa-
quee’s zoocentric
perspective. In order to be compellingly ‘nonhuman,’ however, Grove creates a
Allmark-Kent 209
range of ant-centric terms and concepts. To do this effectively, he relies on
knowledge of ant behaviour, for instance, the use of scent, touch, and body
lan
guage in communication: one ant greets another by touching first “antennae,
then […] thorax and head” (40); in ‘conversation’ an ant uses “the slightest
motion of her antennae” or a precise “scent” (40); and, indeed, the ants transfer
information using “scent-trees” (31), a real technique used by several species.
Here, we can find surprising similarities with the ‘bodily-language’ of Lawrence’s
pumas. In addition, Grove’s ants measure using “common ant-lengths” (37), a
speculation that reinforces his zoocentric imaginative challenge. Nonetheless,
Wawa-
quee’s criticisms of humanity require knowledge of concepts and objects
that would be unfamiliar to an ant. Taking, for example, the instances of violent
human-animal encounters, we find a range of terms irrelevant and unknown to
an ant: “tongs” (46); “cylinder” (46); “arm” (47) where she had previously
specified ‘forelimb’; “instrument” (48); “axe” (84); “door” (85). Grove’s translation
technique can, of course, account for this. Even so, he does draw attention to
the problematic nature of the narrative’s translation on several occasions. It is
significant that this failure of communication is only one way: Wawa-quee
encounters an object unknown to her and F.P.G. must guess what it is. The
situation is never reversed. In an end-
note, the ‘editor’ remarks: “Whenever
dealing with man, Wawa-
quee’s consciousness became purely visual and was
transferred to me in that form […] Whenever such a case arises in which I
understand what the ant does not, I shall, in what fol
lows, use italics” (208).
Perhaps F.P.G.’s knowledge of Wawa-quee’s experience is so complete that he
has no difficulty in translating “scent-trees” or “ant-lengths,” yet his assertion
that he “understand[s] what the ant does not” seems strikingly anthropocentric.
Using Wawa-
quee’s first encounter with a human as an example, it seems
Allmark-Kent 210
inconsistent that she would recognize “scissors” (48) but not “
forceps
” (47).
Grove provides a potential, albeit rather unlikely, solution: Wawa-quee learns
English.
During an expedition north, the ants seek shelter from the winter in the
New York public library. Here, they encounter books for the first time. Azte-ca,
“chief signaller and recorder” (9), teaches herself to recognize and understand
human communication systems. Presumably this extraordinary feat is
accomplished through her specialist expertise: “she could find ways and means
of communicating with ants and other insects and even, as we shall see, with
mammals which no one else could find” (130). In turn, Azte-ca passes her
knowledge on to Wawa-quee, who learns to read exceptionally quickly:
I found from man’s own records, that it takes his callows, according to
the degree of initiation required, from six to sixteen years to acquire the
art of deciphering such records
[…] On the other hand, it took me, once I
had grasped the complicated principles involved, exactly one hour to
learn to read any record of his. (181).
Here Grove is exceedingly close to straying into the absurd and unbelievable,
almost pushing his speculative representations too far. Whilst still providing an
alternative perspective on humanity, his ants are transformed into tiny, super-
intelligent, anthropomorphic aliens and it becomes difficult for the reader to
continue perceiving his ants
as ants
. Furthermore, Wawa-
quee’s knowledge of
human language implies that she could have communicated her narrative to
F.P.G. in English. If so, such an act would negate the mediating effect of
F.P.G.’s translation, implying that the novel’s instances of anthropomorphism
are not merely the consequence of the editor’s anthropocentric bias. One could
also read this scene as
Grove’s strongest imaginative challenge to the reader.
Throughout the novel, he tests our openness to his speculative representations
of ant intelligence. In this final defiance of anthropocentrism, Wawa-quee
Allmark-Kent 211
breaks the
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