Allmark-Kent 215
features (introductions, ap
pendixes, author’s notes) to demonstrate the extent
of their research and to reinforce their engagement with science. As we have
seen, however, the scientific research of the ‘realistic’ text is made apparent
within the narrative itself, as was usually the
case in Seton’s work. The
sometimes ‘fantastical’ elements of the speculative representations make it all
the more important to make their engagement with sciences
explicit
. As such,
f
ew critics take issue with Gowdy’s representation of elephant biology and
behaviour; it is her speculation on elephant culture and religion which invites the
labels ‘anthropomorphism’ and ‘allegory’. Onno Oerleman refers to
The White
Bone
as “the most extreme and sustained example of anthropomorphism I have
encountered” (184). Yet Sandlos claims that to label Gowdy’s elephants as
anthropomorphic
“is
to miss the point,” instead we are challenged to “accept the
idea
that ‘real’ biological animals may have cultural experiences similar in kind
to those of human beings” (88). Rebecca Raglon and Marian Scholtmeijer note
the challenge to anthropocentric kno
wledge in Gowdy’s speculations. Since it is
in our own interest to skew knowledge of nonhuman animals in order to defend
exploitation, Raglon and Scholtmeijer contend that, human
“knowledge cannot
be completely trusted” (135). The point is not to argue that animals actually
share language or
have mystical visions; it is “to challenge human ‘knowledge’
by imagining other possibilities” (135). Although not explicit, it is possible to
detect
in these authors’ discussions of the ‘ideas’ and ‘other possibilities’ she
imagines, an appreciation of the
speculative
nature of Gowdy’s novel.
Whale-biologist Hal Whitehead develops this sense of speculation further
however, and argues: “We need to take these constructions [in
White as the
Waves
and
The White Bone
], note the large parts that are consistent with what
we know, and use them as hypotheses to guide our work” (371). Here the
Allmark-Kent 216
complex relationship between science and speculative animal fiction is evident.
Gowdy’s initial speculation was sparked by the research of Cynthia Moss and
others. Intrigued by the potential similarities between humans and elephants,
she researched elephant behaviour and cognition, as
well as theories of the
animal mind. In an explicit rejection of behaviourism, she imagines the limits of
the elephant mind, envisaging language, abstract thought and culture. In order
to encourage her reader’s acceptance of this speculation, she disrupts our
confidence in the human knowledge of the nonhuman throughout the novel.
She opens the space of
possibility
within which scientists such as Whitehead
make their own speculations and discover new avenues for research. Through
disrupting and destabilizing certain forms
of scientific knowledge
—particularly
those based on anthropocentrism
—Gowdy reinforces others, those based on
animal cognition and intellectual complexity. Whitehead argues that only a
“reductionist” would “class these portraits with
Winnie-the-Pooh
as fantasies on
the lives of animals [...] for me they ring true, and may well come closer to the
natures of these animals than the coarse numerical abstractions that come from
my own sc
ientific observations” (370). Ultimately, he recognizes that these
literary speculations
are “built on” scientific research and have the potential to
feed back into it; in other
words
“the communication should be reciprocal” (371).
Gowdy’s original speculation was inspired by real behaviour, and so the
structure of her imagined elephant society and the production of her imagined
elephant culture, develop from our current knowledge of elephant life. Related
female elephants and their infants travel together in herds led by the eldest, and
whilst males might group together into a bachelor herd for a short time, they are
largely solitary. Thus, in
The White Bone
male and female elephants
assist in
the construction of their culture in different ways; wandering males gather
Allmark-Kent 217
stories, geographical information and news from other herds, whilst the females
construct and
sustain a matriarchal religion. Gowdy utilizes what we know of the
social behaviour of elephants in order to imagine how these structures would
impact the formation of culture.
Whitehead summarizes: “Their females are
concerned with religion and environment as
well as the survival of calves; their
males inhabit a rich social and ecological fabric of which mating is only a small
Dostları ilə paylaş: