Allmark-Kent 213
fantasy. I argue that such readings are reductive, however,
and overlook the
fact that Gowdy’s speculative representation is rooted deeply in the behaviour
of real African elephants. She was first inspired by a National Geographic
documentary narrated by Cynthia Moss which depicted the mourning practices
of an elephant family. In the film, the group comes across a skeleton they seem
to recognize and begin sniffing, fondling, and cradling the bones with their
trunks before performing a “mourning ceremony: they first cover
the skeleton
with dirt, sticks, and leaves, then turn their backs to it, each one passing a hind
foot over the remains” (Soper-Jones 269). Gowdy was struck by the “almost
religious practices” of the elephants and the “ritual fashion” in which they carried
out the mourning (Sandlos 87). She explains that it was “so evocative” because
it seemed to
indicate an “awareness that we have no access to”
(Gowdy/Reading Groups
). We might characterize Gowdy’s
experience as her
first recognition of the elephants as
subjects of a life
whose cognitive,
emotional, and social complexities reach beyond our current knowledge. There
is a hint of intelligent
autonomy
in the “awareness” she describes, as well as the
impression that these deaths
would impact the
unique biographies
of those
individuals. The death would have a lasting impact. Gowdy describes an
“awareness and a kind of reverence of the dead, a recognition that they
themselves die
” associated with these behaviours which might indicate that they
possess “some consciousness as we understand consciousness”
(Gowdy/Reading Groups). What is unexpected (and perhaps defamiliarizing)
here is that this awareness means that the other elephants continue to
recognize their companion as
the subject of a life
, even in death. For us, the
nonhuman subject of a life is always poised to become a
useful dead object
. In
this nonhuman encounter (albeit mediated through the documentary-making
Allmark-Kent 214
process) Gowdy recognizes a gap between our perceptions of animal
consciousness and their surprisingly complex behaviour. The implication is that
our current understanding is insufficient.
As with Seton, Roberts, and the other
zoocentric authors, Gowdy
identifies the potential for sustained, committed speculative explorations of
nonhuman life
within this space of the ‘unknown.’ Her imaginative work extends
beyond straightforward speculations on mental and emotional capacities.
Gowdy creates a rich elephant culture with religion, myths, medicine and songs.
More problematically, she also envisions elephants capable of prescience and
telepathy. The more implausible aspects of her speculation risk disrupting our
ability to read her elephants
as elephants
. Although I suggest that even these
elements assist in her challenge to both our perception of the nonhuman world
and our belief in human intellectual superiority. In
Consider
, these fantastical
elements aid
her rejection of ‘realism’ and the associated need for ‘accuracy.’
Gowdy’s depiction of a herd of elephants struggling to survive drought and ivory
poachers is
not a human drama dressed-
up in animal costume, it is “an attempt,
however presumptuous, to make a
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