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touch the mark” and “doing so is thought to indicate self-consciousness” (Soper-
Jones 276). Ella Soper-
Jones notes that the “tick in this
episode stands in for
the red mark in Gallup’s test: Date bed cannot feel or smell it, and she can only
see it with the aid of the mirror” (277). When Date Bed first encounters the
mirror, her recognition of her own reflection is instantaneous. Thus, Gowdy
strengthens her speculative representation by asserting that elephants are self-
conscious.
In the Nature Fakers controversy, it was easy to construct Seton’s
‘translations’ of animal speech as a sentimental indulgence. Here, however, it
can be understood as a speculative tool,
“an accommodation of whatever
actual
elephant language might be, and if we accept the reality of the complexity of
elephant behaviour and brain, it seems unimaginable that they do not somehow
communicat
e” (Oerleman 192). Indeed, Graham Huggan and Helen Tiffin add
that whilst
Gowdy’s representation of elephant language may invite
“infantilisation or ridicule,” it is a crucial technique: “without a voice, without
some direct speech, the readers’ inhabitation of the elephants’
world would be
strictly limited” (156). They note the subtle sense of ‘translation’ at work when
the elephants trumpet,
bellow or rumble “reminding us that this is a form of
translation from a very different vocal source” (156). This is another form of
species-
specific ‘bodily language,’ similar to those in Lawrence or Grove’s texts.
As Grove does, she renders the elephant language intelligible to us through a
modified form of English. These modifications, mostly nouns, are a constant
prompt to the reader
that these beings are
not human
, and that this pragmatic
‘anthropomorphism’ is enacted from an elephant-centred point of view.
Gowdy provides a glossary of elephant
vocabulary, for instance: a “Jaw-
log” is a crocodile, a “Honker” is a goose and a “Howler” is a jackal (xiii). For a
Allmark-Kent 222
few translations, she goes
into detail, revealing insights into the elephant
perspective on other species: a rhinoceros is known as a “Ghastly” because “it
has short unsightly legs, and its ‘tusks,’ or horns, are arranged one on top of the
other rather than side by side” (xii). Again, this is reminiscent of Roberts’
construction of species perspectives in his stories. These functioned to
defamiliarize our speciesist labels (cats
are cute, cockroaches are disgusting)
and strengthen his imaginative speculation. Moreover,
Gowdy’s use of paratext
(not only the glossary, but also a preface, footnotes, family trees and a map)
implies the presence of
a human author
or editor, akin to Grove’s F.P.G.
character.
On occasion, the ‘translation’ is made overt: “‘Father,’ [...] is neither a
concept nor a word since bulls are not thought to be co-
conceivers of life” (20).
As in
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