Allmark-Kent 232
needed
. Both species are ‘charismatic’ and known for high levels of cognitive
and social complexity. In many nations there is considerable support for the
protection of whales and elephants. Nonetheless, regardless of species, the
speculative style of representation is still prone to receiving criticism for
heavy
anthropomorphism or else complete dismissal as ‘fantasy.’ Both Grove and
Gowdy negotiate the potentially controversial nature of their texts by drawing
attention to the ‘translation’ of the nonhuman perspective. Their use of the
fanciful and absurd seems to intentionally disrupt illusions of ‘fact’ and
‘accuracy,’ thereby reinforcing the
fictionality
of their work. The questions of
‘truth’ that preoccupied the Nature Fakers controversy are negated by these
attempts to highlight the construction and mediation of their work.
Bodsworth and Haig-Brown also employed methods
of avoiding
accusations of anthropomorphism or ‘nature faking.’ However, these tended to
rely on deferring their authority to speak on behalf of their species or attempting
to balance a contradictory attitude towards the sentience and complexity of their
protagonists. Likewise, the complex disruption of ‘realism’ in the speculative
texts can be awkward
or heavy-ha
nded at times (Grove’s ants teaching
themselves to read, for instance). In
White as the Waves
, however, Baird
presents an innovative solution to the wild animal story’s problematic
relationship with ‘accuracy’ and ‘real animals.’
Unlike the others, she returns to
the animal biography narrative structure, as
well as the figure
of the ‘animal
hero.’ As in Lawrence’s
White Puma
, the fundamental plot is highly reminiscent
of Seton
’s and Roberts’ stories: the first part of the narrative is preoccupied with
the formative years of the protagonist’s biography; then s/he experiences the
sudden and dramatic loss of their family at the hands of human hunters; and the
rest of the narrative depicts their attempts to escape or pursue those same
Allmark-Kent 233
humans.
Uniquely, however, Baird’s narrative is also a zoocentric retelling of an
anthropocentric, canonical novel. By appropriating the eponymous
antagonist of
Herman Melville’s
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