Allmark-Kent 245
by the contradiction between the seemingly simultaneous expression of both
sympathetic whale representations and nineteenth century whaling attitudes.
As Armstrong argues, this leads some critics to try to ‘resolve’ the novel
by simply imposing anachronistic late-twentieth century whale protection
arguments onto the text:
Melville displays an attitude very different from the popular sentiment in
present-day Western
societies, which regard any cetacean as a
peculiarly ‘charismatic’ animal [...] whales are protected collectively
because the rarity of some species vividly embodies the fragility of
ecological biodiversity. And individual cetacean lives are valued
because their mammalian characteristics, along with their purported
intelligence and benignity, invite in humans a sense of kinship all the
more distinctive because it coexists with other features that embody a
radical otherness: their sometimes colossal proportions; their
morphological similarity to an utterly different order
of creatures; their
occupation of an ‘alien world’ in the oceans. Sympathy for whales has
spread well beyond the countercultures of environmentalism and
animal rights.
Moby Dick
was written at a time when such attitudes were
conspicuously absent.
(104)
Thus,
Baird’s novel, which expresses the perspectives Armstrong describes
here, can perhaps also be seen as an attempt to reconcile
Moby Dick
:
In Melville’s day it was still possible to write of a conflict in which Man
stood helpless against the vast, terrifying, enigmatic power of Nature. In
this era of holes in the ozone layer; devastated rainforests and ravaged
fish stocks
—an era in which some whale species still have not fully
recovered from the wholesale slaughter of previous centuries
—humanity
can no longer comfortably cast itself as the victim. We have ourselves
become the vast and implacable force before which nothing can stand.
(Baird 275)
In her anti-anthropocentric rewriting of the novel,
humans become monstrous
and unknowable, and the once-enigmatic White Whale becomes knowable as
the heroic protagonist Whitewave. The possibility of Moby Dick’s intelligent
agency is tentative in
Melville’s novel and is often described (and interpreted) in
terms of anthropomorphism, but critics like Armstrong recognize the agency of
his ‘animality’ instead—that is, his ability to resist representation. In light of all
that I have discussed here then, we have to consider whether the imaginative
Allmark-Kent 246
speculations of Baird and the others are worth the sacrifice of an animal’s
literary agency. If researchers such as Whitehead use these representations to
produce hypotheses to further our
knowledge of nonhuman life, are these
protagonists merely being used as ‘tools’ to aid an interesting thought
experiment? More troublingly, we might also reflect on whether the nonhuman
protagonists in all the different texts we have encountered here are just
instruments of
defamiliarization. Are we using these animals as ‘props’ for
human meaning once again
—this time to convey to each other different ideas
about our relationship with other animals? Is Baird merely appropriating
Whitewave’s identity to critique nineteenth century attitudes to whales? If so, is
she simply writing in order to reconcile this canonical text with our twentieth
century perception of whales? Whilst we trouble over
these issues, animals
remain utterly indifferent until the consequences of our discussions impact their
quality of life. If our preoccupation with imagined animals in all forms of cultural
production does nothing to improve quality of life, then we might as well
continue to see them as symbols and nothing more.
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