White as the Waves
but it spans
the life of the male sperm whale protagonist whose birth I approximate as at the
end of the eighteenth century, since he is around fifty or sixty years old when
encountering Ahab. We are able to witness the development of the whaling
industry across the early nineteenth century and observe the change in whale
societies before and after human contact. As in other speculative narratives,
Baird’s animal cultures are fully formed with histories, myths, origin stories, and
unique dialects for the
“nations of whales” (222). Unlike Grove and Gowdy
however, Baird emphasizes the relationship between survival of the species
and survival of the culture:
the Lore of the cachalots
—bulls gather it, the cows absorb it and transmit
it like milk to the calves. It spreads through each cachalot generation, a
vast resource of our knowledge, our culture
—lost forever. Our social
organization, even our rules of etiquette
—all will disappear. It’s
happening now. The work of millennia is being lost, and once it is gone it
may never be completely recovered. [...] Whole family pods have been
devastated by the loss of their matriarchs. The pods split up and wander
aimlessly, without purpose until they are killed too
—because they’ve lost
their survival skills, as well as all our cachalot wisdom and tolerance.
Even if we do escape extinction and survive in small numbers, what
kind of whales will we have become? (195)
We can see here not only the links between survival of the species and survival
of culture but also the effects of species loss on both the population and the
individual. In
Last of the Curlews
, Bodsworth makes a tentative gesture towards
the profound question, what are the consequences of near-extinction for the
behaviour, experiences, and survival chances of the remaining individual(s)?
Allmark-Kent 238
Bodsworth postulates that there would be some impact on the lone curlew but
his insistence that the bird is driven entirely by instinct prevents further
engagement with this question. As I have argued, Bodsworth’s awkward
response to the stigma against anthropomorphism and ‘nature faking’ is to
depict an individual capable of cognitive and emotional complexity but
described with reductive, objectifying language. Writing forty years later about a
species recognized for its intelligence, long-term memory, and multifaceted
social relationships, Baird openly addresses this question. Indeed, she does not
simply consider the possibility but explores the potential consequences at
length. Moreover, the
‘unspoken question’ of Bodsworth’s curlew is also
expanded upon by Baird. Whitewave knows and understands that his species is
threatened with extinction, and even that humans are the precise cause:
This isn’t just an act of Nature, like a red tide poisoning the sea, or an
attack by orcas. This is
—this is
wrong
[...] When have cachalots ever
died in such huge numbers? [...] Everyone we know has been killed
—
everyone. [...] Nature has produced an aberration: a predator that is
too efficient, an organism that evolves so rapidly its prey is too
efficient, an organism that evolves so rapidly its prey is unable to adapt
and survive. (180-1)
As addressed by many of the texts here, one of the defamiliarizing effects of the
wild animal story is the possibility that animals we comfortably imagine to be
‘dumb’ and ‘unthinking’ are conscious, knowing witnesses to our acts of
violence.
The killing of animals is a structural feature of all human-animal relations.
It reflects human power over animals at its most extreme and yet also at
its most commonplace. (The Animal Studies Group, 4).
W
e might consider the possibility that in the whale’s “inscrutable malice,” Ahab
may be detecting the uncanny potential of the conscious animal, witnesses the
slaughter of their species, and it is the unsettling implications of this for our
Allmark-Kent 239
collective guilt as a species that is the “inscrutable thing” he “hate[s]” (Melville
157).
Baird’s whales are not all-knowing, of course; her speculative depiction
of cetacean cultures includes an exploration of the gradual accumulation and
transmission of knowledge. Whitewave describes this process in the extract
above, but the implications of this slow process for creatures without technology
in a vast ocean are illustrated tragically when Whitewave encounters humans
for the first time. Rumours of whaling ships circulate amongst cetaceans in the
first third of the novel, but with no experience of humans and no reason to fear
them, he (like many others) does
not heed the stories: “No creature attacks
without provocation” (Baird 94). Of course, this statement becomes darkly ironic
when the whalers attack a nearby calf only moments later, and the graphic
slaughter of a nursing pod beg
ins. Amidst the violence, Whitewave’s mate goes
into labour but is harpooned before the calf is born. Like Mocha Dick who was
supposedly seen defending a mother and her calf, Whitewave guards the body
of his mate for hours afterwards:
He lifted his whole headcase out of the water and snapped his jaws
repeatedly at the ship, as though it were another bull-whale he could
challenge to a duel. It paid him no heed. [...] Taking up a defensive
position by his mate’s body, he gave another aggressive jaw-clap and
pounded the water with his flukes. He heard a sound like the chattering
laughter of gulls rise in response from the man-creatures in the boat.
A harpoon on its long line snaked out from the lead boat, and bit deep
into his side. The pain shocked him back to his senses. (105)
Whitewave attacks the boats, killing “all that came within the range of his jaws”
and “stationing himself beside Moontail” until the whalers give up and the ship
moves away (106). Throughout the rest of the novel, he tries to spread
knowledge of human violence but is only believed when the other whales begin
to recognize the huge numbers in which their species are dying. We can
approximate then, that Baird suggests it takes at least a few decades for
Allmark-Kent 240
awareness of whalers to spread throughout the cetacean communities. Like
Gowdy’s speculations about the production of nonhuman knowledge through
the elephant’s ‘superstitions’ or Bodsworth’s consideration of the impact of
species loss on survivors, these ideas could make valuable
“hypotheses”
(Whitehead 371).
Interestingly, Whitewave’s awareness of the whalers leads him to
become obsessed with trying to comprehend their enigmatic behaviour. Baird
reverses the discussion the debates of cetacean intelligence that shape
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