Allmark-Kent 150
unfounded claims or assertions of ‘fact’ on behalf of his salmon. Rather than
declaring the cognitive, emotional, or social abilities of salmon, he explores their
possibilities through conversations between human characters. Likewise, he
engages with contemporary debates around
“Home Stream Theory” (Rich 59)
by constructing his narrative as an experiment on that hypothesis. Hence, I
argue that although Haig-Brown consciously established his legitimacy to write
on behalf of salmon, he defers his own authority within the text.
Interestingly, Rich does not dismiss Haig-
Brown’s
attempts to engage
with home stream debates in his review; instead, he seems enthusiastic:
But the author disappointed us in the end
—very, very sadly. For nigh
onto 200 pages we anticipated the successful completion of the
one
experiment that will satisfy my friend A.G. Huntsman on the validity of
Home Stream Theory
—and this author took us right up to the very last
page only to fail in the end. Never shall I forgive him because I fear that
never again will that crucial experiment be so close to consummation
.
(59, emphasis added)
As one might expect, home stream theory is the hypothesis
that salmon return
to the waters of their birth to spawn. Rich explains his disagreement with
Huntsman in an article for the journal
Science
published in 1937:
He states, in effect, that it is necessary to prove ‘for the individual fish’
not only that it has returned to its home stream, but that it has been far
from the ‘zone of river influence’ of that stream. […] So far as I can see
such rigid observational proof could only be provided by marking young
fish in their ‘natal river,’ recapturing them in the sea at a point sufficiently
distant to satis
fy every one that the fish was beyond the ‘zone of river
influence’ tagging or marking them at the point and again releasing and,
finally, to recapture them at a second time in their ‘natal river.’ Needless
to say, it will be some time before such proof will be accumulated. (478)
Rather
remarkably, using the observations and interventions of two human
characters, Haig-Brown does indeed construct his narrative as a home stream
theory experiment. The biographical structure enables the narrative to follow the
protagonist, Spring, through her migration. Haig-Brown even uses the
methodology Rich proposes,
by using one of the humans to ‘tag’ Spring’s
Allmark-Kent 151
adipose fin. From the records, it is difficult to ascertain whether Haig-Brown had
direct contact with either Rich or Huntsman but it
is clear that he was
responding to contemporary debates within salmon behaviour research.
However, the fact that Haig-Brown does not provide any finite conclusion to his
‘experiment’ (to the displeasure of Rich) demonstrates his hesitancy to assert
his own authority within this field.
The conversations between Senator Evans, an interested amateur, and
Don Gunner, a biologist, explore contemporary scientific debates. Yet they also
reveal the continued anxiety of anthropomorphism. When Evans watches a
dying female remaining with her eggs after
she has finished spawning, he
wonders if she is being held by “nearly a maternal urge to protect” (6-7). Yet
even the possibility of anthropomorphism is an anxiety and he chastises
himself: “He was afraid of his love of the fish, afraid of reading things that were
not really there” (7). Indeed, he calls himself an “[i]ncorrigible old
sentimentalist,” and when Gunner arrives, he exclaims “I’ve been watching and
praying for you, Don. You’re just in time to save me from my romantic self” (7).
It is clear that the influence of behaviourism reinforces this stigma of
anthropomorphism. Evans is even hesitant to ask
about the possibility of
“maternal instinct,” and he does so “almost timidly,” afraid of the “cold-blooded
[…] rationalizations” of science (8). His language implies simple, automatic
responses
—“urge,” “instinct”—yet even this seems to suggest the romance of
the “sentimentalist” (7-8). Indeed, the biologist seems wary of even these
words:
“Maybe,” he said. “We’d have to be very cautious and call it ‘evidence of
post-
spawning parental care’ or something of that sort.
My best guess
would be that it is a persistence of whatever stimulation it is that
produces the egg-laying and redd-making activities. (8)
Allmark-Kent 152
It is clear to see that this guarded hesitancy is a consequence of both avoiding
the criticism of behaviourists and the consequences of the Nature Fakers
controversy. In the original wild animal stories and the late twentieth-century
texts, such as
R.D. Lawrence’s
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