Allmark-Kent 153
author might speculate.
Moreover, as indicated by Rich’s articles, home stream
theory is just such
an idea “about fish” that is
not
“easy to prove.” Thus, in order
to know the mysteries
of the salmon’s
life and migration, we must follow Spring
where the scientist cannot.
Wild animal migrations are inherently difficult to observe; even more so
for aquatic species. It is evidently in recognition of this challenge to knowing
anything
about the lives of salmon that Rich validates Haig-
Brown’s
‘experiment’ as worthwhile. Through the human characters and their
experiment, however, we can detect the problematic nature of this desire to
know
the animal. Observing young salmon (the offspring of the dying female he
had watched previously), Evans becomes preoccupied with the mystery of their
migratory journey: “[He] looked hard at the little fish in the eddy. He was thinking
of the big female, wondering if any of them might have come from her eggs. He
felt that he wanted to know more about them, if possible somehow make them
his
own
” (26, emphasis added). To achieve this ‘ownership,’ Evans decides to
“mark” some of the fish (26). He asks Don for advice and his
reply is
disturbingly blunt: “Use a good sharp pair of nail clippers and take the adipose
fin and the left ventral right off at the base. That’s the combination they are
using for this stream in this year’s experiment” (26). With an anthropocentric
disregard for the maimed individuals, the only concerns are whether this
combination of ‘marking’ will get confused with those of the other experiments.
Evans expresses no anxiety about the possibility that this could hurt or harm the
fish. Indeed, Haig-Brown seems reluctant to describe the potentially painful or
distressing experiences of his salmon protagonist. In instances
of a human
inflicting harm on a fish, Haig-
Brown’s narrative remains with the
human
perspective. For instance, when
Spring is ‘marked’ it is from Evans’ point of
Allmark-Kent 154
view: “he fumbled in his pocket and brought out a small pair of clippers […]
Holding her firmly, but with a slow, almost an awed gentleness, he clipped off
the little fatty fin above her tail, turned her in his hand, and clipped away he left
ventral” (33). Haig-Brown emphasizes the care and caution with which Evans
mutilates the young fish, rather than exploring the possibility of her pain. Indeed,
it is only when the ordeal is over that the narration returns to Spring’s
perspective: “her panic returned and she swam off, a little queerly, towards the
bottom. She found a place between two stones […] and lay there, still
as a stick,
her head in the shade” (33).
The question of whether fish feel pain remains a surprisingly contentious
issue. Detection of painful stimuli require
s “nociceptors,” which are present in
birds, mammals, amphibians, and invertebrates such as leeches and sea slugs
(Morell 68). Nociceptors can be found in fish around their upper and lower lips,
chin, gills, and eyes (68). Recent studies into the responses of rainbow trout to
painful stimuli (an injection of bee venom or acetic acid into their lips) have
found:
The trout rocked back and forth, something that primates do when they
are distressed. Those injected with acid rubbed their lips on the gravel
and a
gainst the sides of the tank […] Tellingly, for
three hours afterward,
the injected fish didn’t touch a morsel of food. (68)
For two or three days after her fins have been clipped, “Spring’s movements”
are “awkward and uncertain” and she “scarcely” feeds at all (
Return
33).
Although she makes “small tentative movements from her hiding place,” she
remains hidden until the fourth day (33). The change in her behaviour indicates
distress and an emotional response to the pain she suffered. Again, however,
Haig-Brown is strategically vague here. In the description of the long-term
effect, he is simultaneously reductive and empathetic:
Allmark-Kent 155
The loss of her adipose fin affected her not at all
—the little fin was
nothing more than a degenerate survival from some earlier state of
evolution and served no useful purpose. But she had to readjust her
whole body to the loss of the one ventral fin, and the short journey from
the old Senator’s hand to the shelter of the rocks
at the bottom had been
enough to destroy her
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