Yet Spring was a special fish, not
merely one that he had marked but one that he had watched many times
since marking
. She was completely deceived, utterly unconscious of the
danger. (37, emphasis added)
Evans’ sense of ownership, his concern for this “special fish” is arbitrary, but
(most importantly) it is not recognized as such. Now that he has marked her,
and knows her, his moral concern has been roused. The urge to protect is hard
Allmark-Kent 157
to resist. Yet in the meantime, he will no doubt continue to catch other
unmarked, non-special fish without concern for their li
ves and its “series of
chances.” The arbitrary nature of human concern is at the core of our
relationship with nonhuman beings. Our fickle sympathy for one animal over
another is usually predicated on our ability to sense their
biography
in order to
perceive their
individuality.
Yet the ‘ordinary’ nature of Spring is crucial for Haig-Brown’s efforts to
advocate on behalf of all salmon of the Columbia river system. In the foreword
written in 1974, he reflects:
The lives and deaths of Spring and the other chinook salmon described
in this book occurred more than thirty year ago, in the early stages of the
orgy of dam-building that transformed the Columbia from a magnificent
river to a series of freshwater impoundments. There never has been
another such river on the face of the earth; there never will be again until
all the dams have rotted out and washed away and some thousands of
years of healing time has passed
—perhaps not then. (iv)
Here, then, we encounter the first of the overt, directed conservation messages
of the twentieth-century texts. Rather than a general plea against hunting or
abuse, Haig-Brown writes in response to a
specific threat
. This indicates both
the changing focus of the genre and the steady public recognition of
environmental degradation. Now the wild animal story offers advocacy on behalf
of the suffering individual
and
the suffering species:
The Columbia system was at the very heart of the chinook salmon’s
range and so favourable to the species that chinooks ran to it every
month of the year […] There was nothing random or capricious about
these runs; each was a sub-race precisely adapted to the conditions of
its own watershed […] Many, very many, of these stocks have been
wiped out and it is unlikely they can ever be replaced. Dams have
blocked off more than 60 percent of the Columbia’s spawning areas;
pathetic remnants of the runs still struggle up past some of the dams and
into the distant headwaters (iv).
He explains that, for the remaining individuals, migration delays at the dams
“take their toll,” and young fish are “destroyed in the turbines and spillways and
Allmark-Kent 158
by increased numbers of predators in the impoundments” (iv). There are also
“heavy losses” in the “nitrogen-saturated waters below the dams” (iv).
I suggest that, uniquely, Haig-
Brown’s conservation message hinges on
the idea of the salmon’s
quality of life
. As a wild animal that can also be farmed,
salmon will not become truly endangered whilst humans still have an appetite
for them. Again, he uses Evans as a mouthpiece. This time he reflects on the
reasons why the continued survival of salmon in the wild is so important:
In a way it didn’t really matter; there was the big flat-bottomed scow tied
to the far bank and they would come and gather the fish into that, take
them up to the ponds, hold them to ripeness and strip the eggs from
them. The result
probably wouldn’t be much less good than natural
spawning and it might be better. He thought of the cost and weighed it
against the acres of good spawning upstream, but he knew that was not
what disturbed him […] The salmon were the river, they were the
country, of and helping to make it. In words, he told himself, it becomes
meaningless, merely sentimental.
But you can feel it, know that this is
right, the other wrong. The river is there for their use, they are its yield,
growing from it, growing on it, giving themselves back to it in a cycle
no
mere human farming has yet been able to match. (105-6, emphasis
added)
Although Evans struggles to verbalize why life in the wild is “right” and the other
is “wrong” (106), I would argue that Haig-Brown demonstrates the
inherent
value
of the salmon’s quality of life. When Spring begins her migration, he sets
up a historical juxtaposition that continues throughout the narrative:
“But the
three hundred mile way they had to follow to the sea was not the clear, clean
way of their ancestors. There were poisons in it and obstructions across it and
false ways leadi
ng from it” (40). The qualitative comparison emphasizes the
experiences
and
wellbeing
of the migrating salmon:
Douglas firs stood tall and straight on the hills above the river […] all the
way from the mouth of the Willamette to Cape Disappointment. The cities
were not cities then, the Hume canneries were not built, there were no
irrigation ditches to trap downstream migrants, no haphazardly
constructed damns to shut off thousands of acres of spawning grounds
from ascending fish, no factories to foul the water with their wastes. (50)
Allmark-Kent 159
He also emphasizes both the size and diversity of the salmon population whose
journey “made a mark that no one could miss, even in that wide, full-flowing
river […] the splashings of Spring’s ancestors whitened the broad river from
shore to shore” (50). Whereas, after his protagonist has struggled through
polluted water with little food, her stomach “empty,” and her gills “clogged and
hot,” much of her “fine energy” has been spent (49). As Haig-Brown explains,
“she had barely won through a journey that had been
glad
and
easy
for her
ancestors, a
joyous
prelude to the fullness and strength of the sea” (49,
emphasis added).
In light of his hesitancy to depict the pain of his salmon, it is curious that
Haig-
Brown imagines Spring’s
pleasurable
experiences with such richness.
Indeed, he produces the most detailed, zoocentric description of nonhuman
pleasure encountered in any of the core texts that I discuss in this thesis.
Therefore, I quote him at length:
There had been, all through her life, strong physical satisfactions. There
had been strong pleasure in feeding to repletion in the Canyon Pool,
stronger pleasure of feeding near Astoria and among the massed
Euphausids of the oceans, a vibrant ecstasy in driving time after time
upon the schools of silver herrings. There had been the pleasure in the
drive of her muscles through the water, in the free curved leaping that
eased the irritation of the sea-lice that held their sucking grip on the
tenderest part of her belly, perhaps even a pleasure of speed and
strength in the terror of flight from her enemies. There was pleasure, or
at least an ease of security, in the closeness of other salmon about her,
and there had been an ease in the response to condition within her and
around her that led her down her rivers to the sea. But none of these had
been strong as the thing that ruled her now. It turned her from feeding,
huddled her on the bottom, then flowed into her, stirred her, at once
drove her and drew her in sudden change of current or light. In
responding there was pleasure, pleasure of release, delight in the use of
her strong body to stem the force of water against her, pleasure in the
gradual shifting of pressures and changing of shapes within her body
cavity. (89)
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