Allmark-Kent 160
different sensations of moving water and the less definable pleasure that draws
her to the spawning grounds. Although the existence of nonhuman pleasure
remains a controversial topic, as Balcombe argues (and as
these experiences
indicate) “pleasure is adaptive” (6). He explains:
Pleasure […] is nature’s way of improving survival and reproductive
output. Pleasure evolves in sentient organisms as a consequence of
behaviours (e.g., feeding, mating) that generate ‘good’ outcomes (e.g.,
sustenance, offspring) and/or as a motivation to engage in these
behaviours based on past rewarding experience. (6)
Thus, despite his hesitancy with some aspects
of nonhuman representation,
Haig-Brown speculates on the intrinsic role of pleasure in animal life. Indeed,
rather than relying on instinct to explain the unknown aspects of migration, he
imagines a zoocentric alternative. As Gunner declares: “‘Homing instinct’
doesn’t mean a thing anyway. If you do use the phrase you simply mean that
something you can’t explain or name brings a salmon back to its home stream”
(11). With distinct subtlety, therefore, Haig-Brown suggests that
pleasure
may
be the thing that we cannot “explain or name.”
There is, of course, a further implication for Spring’s pleasurable
experiences. Balcombe states:
“Because animals feel good things, their lives
are worth living. Pleasure
gives their lives
intrinsic value
—that is, value to
themselves beyond any utilitarian worth they have for us
” (191). As discussed in
the previous chapter, this intrinsic value relates to Tom Regan’s concept of
nonhuman being as
subjects of a life
. Hence, although he is
reluctant to
imagine her experiences of pain, Haig-
Brown’s representation of Spring’s rich,
pleasurable feelings demonstrates that she is the subject of a life with a unique
perspective and individual set of interests. Moreover, her familiar sources of
pleasure aid
our ability to empathize with the ‘alien’
experience of a fish, whilst
those that are unfamiliar reinforce her realistic
animality
. Finally, if we return to
Allmark-Kent 161
Balcombe’s words again, it is useful to remind ourselves that only
individuals
feel pains and pleasures, not species nor populations (192). By demonstrating
that Spring is capable of intensely pleasurable feelings and that it has
inherent
value
, Haig-Brown is able to emphasize the suffering she experiences as a
consequence of the “orgy of dam-building” (iv). For
her ancestors it was
“joyous” but for Spring it is an unpleasant, distressing ordeal that almost kills her
(49). By demonstrating this
damage to her quality of life, Haig-Brown makes a
plea on behalf of all salm
on in the Columbia River system who deserve the ‘joy’
of their ancestors. Moreover, if we recall Haig-
Brown’s anxieties around
anthropomorphism and nature faking, it seems clear that speculating that fish
are capable of pleasure is worth the risk to convey this
vital conservation
message.
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