Unsolved challenge
II.
Carnot’s Theorem and its Relationship to Viviani’s Theorem
1. Extended Carnot’s Theorem and its Converse
By Pythagoras’ Theorem:
-
=
-
=
-
=
-
-
=
−
(5.1)
Similarly,
-
=
−
(5.2)
…
-
=
−
(5.n)
Sum of (5.1) + (5.2) + … + (5.n):
0 =
−
+
−
+ …
+
−
+ … +
+
=
+ … +
+
∴ ∑
= ∑
(Q.E.D)
Given that ,
, …
are interior angles of an − sided polygon such that:
∙
(
−
)° = (
) ∙
(
−
)°
And ∑
=
( − )
Prove that:
=
=
= ⋯ =
Theorem 2.1 Given an n-sided polygon
. . . .
. P is an interior point of the
given polygon.
,
,
,..,
lie on
,
,
,...,
respectively. The
following holds true:
=
2020 Singapore Mathematics Project Festival Viviani’s Theorem and its Related Problems
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As proven in Lit.rev 7., the converse of extended Carnot’s
Theorem holds true for triangles when n=3. (6.1)
Assume that the converse of extended Carnot’s Theorem also
holds true for k-sided polygons:
+ … +
+
=
+ … +
+
(6.2)
Construct a triangle
outside the k-sided polygon
such that the newly constructed (k+1)-sided polygon is a
convex polygon. (6.3) Now we need to prove that the theorem
also holds true for this newly constructed (k+1)-sided
polygon.
Thus we have to prove the following equation:
+ … +
+
=
+ … +
+
(*)
From (6.1) in triangle
:
+
+
=
+
+
(6.4)
Take (2)- (4):
(
+ … +
+
) – (
+
+
)
=
(
+ … +
+
) - (
+
+
)
⟺
+ … +
+
-
-
-
=
+ … +
+
−
-
-
⟺
+ … +
-
-
=
+ … +
−
-
⟺
+ … +
+
+
=
+ … +
+
+
(Q.E.D)
Theorem 2.2 In an n-sided polygon, take one point
,
, … ,
on each side
,
,…,
. The lines that pass through points and perpendicular to side
will
converge at one point if :
=
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2. The
link
between
extended
Carnot’s
Theorem
and
extended
Viviani’
We observed some similarities in the model of the two theorems, so we try to establish a link between them:
Suggested solution for Linked problem 1:
First, we are going to prove that the lines that pass through the B
1
, B
2
, B
3
, …, B
n
and perpendicular to the
respective sides A
1
A
2
, A
2
A
3
, A
3
A
4
, …, A
n
A
1
converge at one point. This is actually the extension of Carnot’s
theorem in polygons.
Let P be the point of converging of those lines.
Since the polygon is regular, the polygon will possess CVS property.
Using Corollary 1, it holds:
∑
⃗.
⃗ = ∑
⃗.
⃗ = 2 area of the polygon ×
(
° −
°
)
As ∑
⃗.
⃗ = 2 area of the polygon ×
(90° −
°
),
The sum is a constant.
Linked problem 1 Given an n-sided regular polygon
A
1
A
2
A
3
…A
n
and a system of point
B
1
, B
2
,
B
3
, …, B
n
on the sides
A
1
A
2
, A
2
A
3
, A
3
A
4
, …, A
n
A
1
respectively such ℎ ∑
=
∑
is an interior point of the polygon.
Prove that: ∑
⃗.
⃗ is independent from the location of system of points and the
position of point .
2020 Singapore Mathematics Project Festival Viviani’s Theorem and its Related Problems
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Therefore, it is independent from the location of the system of points B
i
and the location of point O.
(Q.E.D)
Suggested solution for Linked problem 2.
First, since ∑
= ∑
, Lines that pass through the B
1
, B
2
, B
3
, …, B
n
and perpendicular
to the respective sides A
1
A
2
, A
2
A
3
, A
3
A
4
, …, A
n
A
1
converge at one point.
In fact, this is the extension of Carnot’s theorem in polygons.
Let P be the point of convergence of those lines.
⃗.
⃗ = 2
× cos(90° −
360°
)
Using the result of Corollary 2, the given equilateral polygon is regular
All regular polygon possesses CVS property. (Q.E.D)
DISCUSSION
I.
Viviani’s theorem and its extension
Vectors approach
So far, area formula is the most widely used method and applied in most of the studies of the extensions of
Viviani’s theorem. However, as the project is to further study Viviani’s theorem and its extension using
Vectors, the entire process is merely based on the application of vectors in extending Viviani’s theorem and
studying some of its related problems. The first approach to the extended Viviani’s theorem is to prove
Theorem 1.1, one of the most significant results and most basic extensions extending the original theorem
from equilateral triangles to regular polygons.
Three lemmas have been proved and used to support the proof in vectors. In fact, there is an incorporated
connection between the three lemmas in proving Extension 1. The result of Lemma 1 is used to yield the
result of Lemma 2. When generalizing Lemma 2 from the specific case of n=3 to n=k, the statement still
holds true. Thus, Lemma 3 is indeed the generalization of Lemma 2.
Linked problem 2. Given an equilateral n-sided polygon A
1
A
2
A
3
…A
n
.
A system of points B
1
, B
2
, B
3
, …, B
n
are points on lying on the sides of the polygon
A
1
A
2
, A
2
A
3
, A
3
A
4
, …, A
n
A
1
respectively. O is an interior point in the given polygon.
Prove that the polygon has CVS property if and only if:
⎩
⎪
⎨
⎪
⎧
=
⃗.
⃗ = 2
×
(90° −
360°
)
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From the proof of Theorem 1.1, we notice that as long as the sum of unit vectors that each of them is
perpendicular to the corresponding side is a zero vector, the polygon will possess CVS property.
It was hypothesized that the converse of the above statement also holds true. The hypothesis was articulated
into Theorem 1.2. In the attempt to prove Theorem 1.2 holds true, it was noticed that the suggested proof
contradicted to the previous work stating that:
“If V takes equal values at TWO distinct points, the polygon possesses CVS property’’
(Elias Abboud, 2009).
Citing from the earlier proof of Theorem 1.2, from our results:
( ) − ( ) = ∑
⃗ ∙ ⃗ − ∑
⃗ ∙ ⃗ =
⃗ ∙ ( ∑
⃗ ) = 0⃗ (*)
Since P and Q are two distinct points,
⃗ is not a zero vector. However, from here, we cannot conclude
that the sum of unit vectors that are perpendicular to the sides of the polygon is a zero vector even though
vector PQ is a non zero vector. Noted that this conclusion is the key condition for a convex polygon to have
CVS property.
We had concluded that because the given polygon possessed CVS property, the (*) hold true. Furthermore,
because ‘
⃗ is not a zero vector’ but the multiplication results in a zero vector, the other factor, which is
⃗, the sum of unit vectors, is infact a zero vector (**).
Yet this is a fast-concluding statement. From this deduction (**), it is able to prove that a polygon will
possess CVS property as long as there exists two distinct points that take equal values of function V, which
is much different from the results of Elias Bound (2009).
Thus, the proof is taken into consideration to further look into the problem and explain why there is such
kind of difference.
With two distinct interior points, P and Q, since the polygon has CVS property:
V(P) = V(Q)
∑
⃗ ∙ ⃗ − ∑
⃗ ∙ ⃗ = ∑
⃗ ∙ ⃗ = ⃗ ∙ (∑
⃗) = 0⃗ (*)
From (*), the deduction should be:
∑
⃗ = 0⃗ (7.1)
Or
∑
⃗ ) = ⃗ and ⃗ ⊥
⃗ (7.2)
When
⃗is perpendicular to the sum-vector. This results in ⃗ ∙ ∑
⃗ = 0, regardless of whether or not
the polygon has CVS property.
That is, we cannot conclude that the sum of unit vectors is a zero vector even though vector PQ is a non
zero vector since there is situations that is misleading and special cases where the equation obviously holds
true without neither vector PQ nor sum of unit vectors necessarily being a zero vector. This is when
⃗ is
perpendicular to
⃗ , the sum-vector. This results in ⃗ ∙ ∑
⃗ = 0, regardless of whether or not the polygon
has CVS property
If given a convex polygon, there are possibilities that the sum of unit vectors is a non-zero vector. Choosing
two random interior points may accidentally form a vector whose direction perpendicular to the sum-vector.
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To control the condition (7.2), we first need to calculate the sum-vector before controlling PQ such that it
is not parallel to this sum-vector. Since we have already calculated the sum-vector, our attempt to prove
that the sum of unit vectors of this given polygon becomes meaningless.
From the earlier solution, the use of TWO points could not give us a direct and accurate explanation due to
the existence of some cases that mislead our deduction. Therefore, we are going to increase the number of
interior points from 2 points to 3 points for tighter conditions. As the number of conditions increased with
a tighter condition, the conclusion that the polygon possesses CVS property can be made. Therefore, our
approach explains the result of the extension of Viviani’s theorem made by Elias Abboud (2009) that why
there is a need for 3 non-collinear points that take the same value of V(x) for a polygon to posses CVS
property.
The process to prove the hypothesis of Theorem 1.2, which is Theorem 1.3, does not only help to clarify
the extension of Elias Bound (2009) but also to explain why some special polygons have CVS property
(Chen, Zhibo; Liang, Tian. 2006). Those special polygons include: regular polygons, parallelograms,
polygons with pairs of opposite sides parallel. It is discovered that those special polygons posses CVS
property, most of the proof was based on using area-formula (Chen, Zhibo; Liang, Tian. 2006). From our
hypothesis and attempt to prove it, we figured out some properties that a polygon would have, given the
condition that it possesses CVS property. The investigation for the study was articulated into Theorem 1.4.
In the study of Theorem 1.4, we deduced some of the possible shapes of the polygon. Those possible shapes
match with the previous work stated above. To conclude, from Theorem 1.4, we are able to explain why
certain geometrical properties of a polygon are needed so that the polygon would have constant V(x) sum.
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