Effective Early Reading Instruction |
2
Effective Early Reading Instruction
A teacher’s guide
This guide is intended to support teachers’ ongoing efforts to build students’ reading skills. It
provides teachers with information on foundational early reading skills, an understanding of how
these skills develop in young children, and examples of evidence-based systematic
and explicit
instructional strategies to support students in becoming proficient and fluent readers.
© Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2022
Effective Early Reading Instruction |
3
What are early reading skills and how are they
developed?
Reading is one of the most fundamental skills students can learn. It affects
all academic
achievement and is associated with social, emotional, economical and physical health. However,
learning to read does not happen naturally. The ability to read is not innate.
Reading is a process
involving specific skills that need to be taught and learned
. As these skills develop, the brain
forms new connections known as neural pathways. These neural pathways for reading are built
through systematic and explicit instruction and strengthened through repeated practice.
Students develop oral language proficiency by listening and speaking (including through
experiences with other languages), which lays a solid foundation for reading. Strong reading
comprehension occurs when students derive meaning from oral language and combine it with
fluency in reading words and texts. Oral language continues to impact reading proficiency as
students progress through school and build a growing vocabulary.
The process of reading
acquisition is different for students whose first or primary language is American Sign Language
(ASL) or langue des signes quebecoise (LSQ). For these students, ASL/LSQ and English/French
bilingual teaching methods are used for the development of biliteracy between ASL or LSQ and
English or French as a second or additional language.
Knowing how language is structured is key to developing early reading skills. Students learn that
words on the printed page represent language, that each word has meaning, and that words can be
broken down into syllables, which are made of letters and letter combinations (graphemes) and
represent sounds (phonemes).
The development of phonological skills includes being able to identify the number of words in a
spoken sentence. Phonemic awareness involves identifying and manipulating the smallest sound
units in language (phonemes), such as identifying where the /c/ sound is in “cat.”
Alphabet
knowledge, which refers to knowing the relationship between letters and the sounds they make
(more precisely referred to as grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence), develops
alongside
phonological skills and phonemic awareness. Combined, these skills lead to proficiency in decoding
words, learning to read words accurately and quickly, and language comprehension, eventually
Effective Early Reading Instruction |
4
building strong reading comprehension and spelling skills. Strong reading
comprehension is only
achieved through language comprehension and decoding, not one or the other in isolation.
When students make connections between the spelling and the pronunciation of words, they are
engaged in a cognitive process known as “
orthographic mapping
.” It requires an awareness of the
graphemes (letters or letter clusters) in a printed word and their corresponding phonemes, and
then applying these concepts to sound out or read words. As students decode words, the brain is
linking the phoneme sequence in a known spoken word with the sequence of letters in the
corresponding written word. After decoding a word and word parts sufficiently and often, the
internal representation of the precise sequence of letters is stored in long-term memory and linked
with the word’s pronunciation and meaning. At this point, students
can recognize the word
automatically as a “sight word,” without using a decoding strategy. Sight words are not stored as
images, they are mapped orthographically. With repeated practice, young students build up an
ever-growing bank of sight words and sight letter combinations. This automatic recognition of
words leads to more fluent and proficient reading.