dian kam¯
u ‘to capture,’ Arabic kamaˇsa ‘seize, grasp’; Cushitic: Dahalo
kam ‘to hold,’ Kwadza komos ‘to grip,’ Iraqw kom ‘to have’; Berber: Tu-
areg ekmem ‘squeeze’; Chadic: Hausa k¯
ama ‘to catch,’ Musgu kaw ‘seize,’
Gidar gëma ‘to take,’ Masa ˇcum. [
AA 63, N 157, AB 160
]
Indo-European:
Proto-Indo-European *gem
∼ *gem¯o ‘to grasp with both
hands, seize’; Armenian ˇcmlem ‘I squeeze’; Greek geuto ‘he took’
(< *gem-to); Celtic: Old Irish gemel ‘fetters’; Germanic: Old Swedish
kumla ‘to crumple’; Baltic: Latvian g`
umstu ‘to seize, grasp’; Slavic: Old
Church Slavic ˇz˘ımoª ‘I press, squeeze.’ [
IE 368, N 157, AB 171
]
Uralic:
Proto-Uralic (Illich-Svitych) *kama-lV
∼ *koma-rV ‘handful,’
(R´edei) *kom‰(r ‰) ‘palm of the hand,’ (R´edei) *k¨
ame(-ne); Samoyed:
Yenisei Samoyed hammara ‘hand’; Finnic: Finnish kamahlo
∼ kahmalo
298
14. Global Etymologies
‘double handful,’ Estonian kamal ‘handful,’ Mordvin komoro, Saami goab-
mer ‘double handful.’ [
U 42, N 157, KR 137, 175
]
Dravidian:
Proto-Dravidian *kamV ‘to seize, take, hold,’ Koraga kamd.i ‘to
steal,’ Telugu kamucu ‘to hold, seize,’ Malto kam ‘to gather (by oneself).’
[
D 1326, N 157
]
Turkic:
Proto-Turkic *kam-a
∼ *qam-a ‘to take, seize,’ Old Uighur qama ‘to
take prisoner, surround,’ Kirghiz kama ‘to surround, arrest,’ Tatar kama
‘to herd cattle into a pen,’ Nogai kam-ty ‘to seize.’ [
N 157
]
Mongolian:
Written Mongolian qamu ‘to gather, pick up,’ Khalkha xam˘
a
‘to gather, pick up.’ [
N 157
]
Tungus:
Proto-Tungus *kama
∼ *kamu ‘to press, oppress, forbid,’ Nanai
kama-le ‘to press, clasp,’ Olcha kama-lu ‘to forbid,’ kama-lˇ
gu ‘to press,’
Orok kamu-i ‘to take in one’s arms, seize,’ Evenki kama ‘deny assistance
to, oppress.’ [
N 157
]
Caucasian:
Proto-Caucasian *k’¯emV ‘armful, handful,’ Proto-Lak *k’ama
‘handful,’ Proto-Lezghian *k’em(a) ‘armful.’ [
C 124
]
?Indo-Pacific:
North New Guinea: Arapesh kum ‘to steal,’ Bosngun kamba
‘to steal,’ Siaute kupi ‘to take.’ [
NNG 45
]
Miao-Yao:
Proto-Miao-Yao *Ñgam ‘to crush, squeeze’ ( < *kamgam), Hai-
ninh Yao gam ‘to crush or squeeze with the hand.’ [
PB 315
]
Daic:
Tai: Proto-Tai *hÑam ‘to lay hold of, grasp’ ( < *kamgam), *kum
‘hold with the hand’; Kam-Sui: Sui ÷´
nam ‘to hold,’ Mak ´
nam ‘to clench
the fist, take hold of’ (< *÷ Ñam < *kamgam); Li: Proto-Li *këm ‘to press
with the hand, squeeze,’ Southern Li kom (luoi) ‘to squeeze’ (= press
[down] ); Ong-Be kom ‘to press down.’ [
PB 315
]
Austronesian:
Proto-Austronesian *kem ‘enclose, cover, grasp,’ *gemgem
‘hold, grasp in the fist, make a fist,’ Rukai (wa-)gëmgëm ‘to squeeze in
the hand.’ [
AN 54, 74, 78; WW 103; PB 315-16
]
6 KANO ‘arm’
Khoisan:
/Xam //k˜
u ‘arm,’ /Nu-//en //kan ‘branch’; Naron //k’˜
o˜
a ‘arm,’
Nama //˜
oa(-b); !Kung //k˜
a˜
u ‘branch,’ ?
= h˜a ∼ = h¯a ‘arm.’ [
SAK 130, 186
]
Niger-Congo:
Yingulum kën´ı ‘arm,’ Fali kän; Bantu: Proto-Bantu *k´
on`
o
‘(fore)arm,’ Nyali (i-)k´
on(-do) ‘hand,’ Swahili (m-)kono ‘arm, forearm,
hand, front paw.’ [
BA 297, AT 11
]
Nilo-Saharan:
Kunama k`
o’n`
a ‘hand,’ u-kun-kula ‘armpit, elbow’ (= arm-
hole), Ilit kon ‘hand,’ Berta k’oÑ-k’oloÑ
∼ k
w
ò
n-k
w
ò
lòÑ ‘elbow,’ Teso
(´
a-)k`
an`ı ‘hand,’ Masai (eÑ-)k´
a´ın´
a ‘hand.’ [
CN 5, AT 79, NSB
]
?Afro-Asiatic:
Chadic: Proto-West Chadic *h.A-ganA ‘arm, shoulder,’ An-
gas gwon ‘shoulder,’ Bokkos kˆ
oÑ ‘arm,’ Sha ˜
gaan; Cushitic: Iraqw
kun(-day) ‘foot.’ [
AT 86, OS 683
]
14. Global Etymologies
299
?Indo-European:
Proto-Indo-European *kon-t-
∼ *kn-t- ‘10,’ Germanic:
Proto-Germanic *handu(-z) ‘hand,’ English hand.
Uralic:
Proto-Uralic (R´edei) *kon‰
∼ *kon‰ -ala ‘armpit’; Yukaghir kun(-el)
‘10,’ xanba ‘hand’; Ugric: Hungarian h´
on
∼ h´on(-alj) ‘armpit’ ( -alj ‘that
which is beneath’), Vogul kan(-l) ‘armpit’; Finnic: Finnish kain (-alo),
Votyak kun(-ul), Zyrian kon(-uvt), (-uvt ‘that which is beneath’). [
U 101,
KR 178
]
Dravidian:
Tulu kaÑkul.a ‘armpit’ (= arm-hole), Kannada kaÑkur£ ∼ gaÑkëlu
‘armpit,’ Kota ganjguly. [
D 1234, N 220
]
Caucasian:
Proto-Caucasian *
G
Hwì
¯
n ¯
A ‘arm, shoulder,’ Proto-Lezghian *¯
q¨
un
‘shoulder,’ Krytz qun¨
a, Archi qIun. [
C 156
]
Yeniseian:
Proto-Yeniseian *ken ‘shoulder.’ [
Y 28
]
Sino-Tibetan:
Ancient Chinese *k¯en ‘shoulder’; Proto-Tibeto-Burman *kan
‘arm.’ [
Y 28, TB 438
]
Na-Dene:
Proto-Eyak-Athabaskan *g`
¯
an ‘arm,’ Tanana gan, Tlatskanai oka-
ne, Ingalik g`
an, Galice gaane÷ ‘arm, branch,’ Navajo gaan ‘arm.’ [
SN,
ND
]
Indo-Pacific:
Tasmanian: Southeastern gouna
∼ guna ∼ gouana ∼ wana
‘arm, hand,’ Parawen konènè ‘arm,’ Jilim kanan ‘left (arm),’ Dumpu
ki˜
nèn ‘shoulder,’ Gapun akan ‘arm.’ [
T 83, FS 107, IP 820
]
?Nahali
khand.a ‘shoulder,’ akhand.i ‘finger.’ [
NA 59, 85
; Kuiper believes
khand.a is probably a borrowing from Kurku.]
?Austroasiatic:
Vietnamese c´
anh
∼ c`anh ‘arm, branch, wing.’
Daic:
Tai: Proto-Tai *xeen ‘arm,’ Dioi kien ‘arm, sleeve,’ Sek keen; Kam-
Sui: Sui ´chin, Then khyin ‘sleeve’; Ong-Be kan (mo) ‘forearm,’ gen (mo)
‘upper arm.’ [
PB 379
]
Amerind:
Almosan-Keresiouan: Blackfoot kin(-ists) ‘hand,’ Kutenai kin,
Kalispel a¯
xën ‘arm,’ Okanagan -aqan, Kwakwala -xaina ‘shoulder’; Penu-
tian: Tunica hkeni ‘hand,’ Chitimacha ÷okun ‘shoulder,’ Sayula konik
‘carry on the shoulder’; Central Amerind: Chichimec kan’a ‘hand,’ Otomi
x´ı’ny´ı ‘shoulder’; Chibchan-Paezan: Murire kana ‘arm,’ Bintucua guna
‘arm, hand,’ Guamaca guna ‘arm,’ Atanque guna ‘hand,’ Chimu aken
‘arm’; Andean: Ona haken ‘arm,’ Tehuelche aken ‘shoulder blade,’ Simacu
kan´
uxua ‘shoulder,’ Selknam k’ojjn; Macro-Tucanoan: S¨
ar¨
a axkono ‘shoul-
der,’ Uaiana akono ‘shoulder, armpit,’ Omoa naxkono ‘shoulder’; Equa-
torial: Piro kano ‘arm,’ Parecis -kano-, Canamari kano ‘shoulder,’ Timote
-ki˜
nem ‘hand,’ Mocochi ki˜
nien, Tinigua kwana, Trumai kanap; Macro-
Carib: Miranya gano-aga ‘hand,’ gano-m´
uhtee ‘armpit,’ Coeruna kunia
‘hand’; Macro-Panoan: Proto-Panoan *m¨ı-k¨ın¨ı ‘hand,’ Lengua kanyama
‘armpit’; Macro-Ge: Bororo kana ‘upper arm,’ Camican guang¨
ani ‘arm,’
Botocudo kinaon ‘shoulder,’ Opaie (ˇci-)k˜
a ‘shoulder.’ [
AK 6, CP 4, AM 16,
AMN
]
300
14. Global Etymologies
7 KATI ‘bone’
?Khoisan:
/Xam /kuttën ‘bone behind the ear,’ //Ng-!’e ketn ‘bone.’ [
BD
87, 326
]
Nilo-Saharan:
?Berta k’ara ‘bone,’ East Sudanic: Nera këtii(n), Kenuzi k¯ıd,
Kundugr koidu, Turkana ako-, Lotuko -γ¯
otyu, Bari kuyu, Debri kwedu,
Proto-Southeast Surmic *gigec. [
ES 21, NSB, SES
]
Afro-Asiatic:
Proto-Afro-Asiatic *qˇs ‘bone’; Ancient Egyptian q´s ‘bone’;
Semitic: Arabic qas.s. ∼ gas.s. ‘sternum’; Cushitic: Proto-Cushitic *(m-)qS
‘bone,’ Kambata miqqa-ta (qq < *qS); Omotic: Jeba ÷´
u´
us-u (< *k’us),
Badditu miqi-t¯e, Wolamo maqa-tta; Berber: Proto-Berber * ˙gs(j) ‘bone,’
Shilha ixs, Kabyle i ˙ges, Tuareg e ˙g¯es; Chadic: Proto-Chadic k’
˜
s(j) ‘bone,’
Proto-West Chadic *h.a-k’asi, Hausa k’¯aˇs´¯ı, Musgu ke
˜
s’ke, Gerka γas, Som-
rai guseÑ, Karbo k¯
aso
∼ k¯asi. [
CS 225, AA 11, N 219, OS 620, HF 12
]
Indo-European:
Proto-Indo-European *kos-t ‘bone’; Italic: Latin costa ‘rib’;
Slavic: Old Church Slavic kost˘ı ‘rib,’ Serbo-Croatian kˆ
ost, Russian kost
j
.
[
IE 616, N 219
]
?Uralic:
Samoyed: Kamassian kot ‘rib’; Finnic: Mordvin kask˘
a
∼ kaske
‘sacrum.’ [
N 219, SUL 492
]
Dravidian:
Kurux x¯
oc(-ol) ‘bone,’ Malto qoc(-lu). [
D 1288
]
Chukchi-Kamchatkan:
Proto-Chukchi-Kamchatkan *(χ)ëtä-χëmV ‘bone.’
[
CK 1
]
?Eskimo-Aleut:
Proto-Eskimo-Aleut *qat’ì ‘breast, ribs.’ [
EA
]
Caucasian:
Proto-Caucasian *k˘
ot
s
’a ‘kind of bone,’ Proto-Dido *k’ot
s
’u
‘back of head,’ Proto-Lezghian *k’at
s
’a ‘vertebra, shin,’ Proto-Xinalug
*kì z ‘thigh, hip.’ [
C 116
]
Basque
gar-khotx(e) ‘nape’ ( gara = ‘skull’).
?Burushaski
känˇja ‘back of neck, neck joint.’
Sino-Tibetan:
Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kut ‘bone,’ Old Chinese *kwët. [
SC 57
]
Na-Dene:
Haida (s)kuts
∼ (s)kuˇgi ‘bone,’ Eyak q’ahˇs. [
ND
]
Indo-Pacific:
South New Guinea: Dabu kut ‘bone,’ Dibolug kute, Ngamai
kuta, Kawam kutra, Parb kwod, Tunjuamu guat, Tokwasa kuart, Bangu
kuar, Keladdar kadrowa. [
SNG 9
]
Amerind:
Almosan-Keresiouan: Bella Bella k’¯
od
z
o ‘bone, rib’ (borrowing
from Chinook?), Pawnee k¯ısu ‘bone,’ Wichita k¯ıs÷a, Acoma ya-gët
s
’-ëni
‘rib’; Penutian: Chinook qot
s
o ‘bone,’ Northern Sierra Miwok kyˇcˇcyˇc,
Plains Miwok këˇcëˇc, Yuki k’i÷t, Wappo k´
ut.e ‘rib,’ Chitimacha kat
s
i ‘bone,’
Uspantec k’alk’aˇs ‘rib’; Chibchan-Paezan: Binticua katia
∼ kiasi ‘rib,’
Matanawi kisi, Atacame˜
no kada ‘bone,’ Itonama ˇcìdìki, Chimu ˇcotti,
Colorado ˇcide; Andean: Selknam q’ejt’ ‘breastbone,’ Mapudungu kadi
‘rib,’ Genneken uguets ‘bone,’ Alakaluf akˇsiase ‘rib’; Macro-Tucanoan:
14. Global Etymologies
301
Kapishana nya-kots¯ı; Equatorial: Caranga kaiˇcu ‘bone’; Macro-Panoan:
Cavine˜
na (epere-)’katse ‘rib,’ Komlek kadekotti ‘bone,’ Caduveo koda-
uek’o ‘rib.’ [
AM 141, P 102, CP 23, AIW, AMN
]
8 K’OLO ‘hole’
Khoisan:
=Au.//eˆı !kuru ‘quiver’ (n.), !Kung !kòro ‘hole,’ !kuru ‘quiver’ (n.),
!koro ‘hole, grave,’ !O-!Kung kòlò ‘hollow’; G//abake koro ‘hole in tree,’
(ˇcui) kxolo ‘nostrils’ (= nose hole); /Xam !kòrro ‘to be hollow,’ /huru
‘hole,’ /¯
uru ‘anus,’ /’Auni !kuru ‘quiver’ (n.). [
SAK 371
]
Nilo-Saharan:
Songhai nkoro ‘buttocks’; Saharan: Kanuri kuli ‘anus,’ Teda
kulo; Berta k’oÑ-k’oloÑ
∼ k
w
ò
n-k
w
ò
lòÑ ‘elbow’ (= arm-hole, cf. the Ku-
nama form below); Koman: Buldiit kul(ma) ‘buttocks’; Kunama kura
‘anus,’ ukunkula ‘armpit, elbow’ (< *kan-kul ‘arm-hole’); East Sudanic:
Temein kukuruk(it) ‘buttocks,’ Nandi kulkul ‘armpit,’ So ukòlkòl ‘armpit,’
Gaam kura-n ‘hollow (in ground).’ [
NS 4, CN 2, 5, ES 3, NSD 3, KER 432
]
Indo-European:
Proto-Indo-European *(s)k¯
ulo ‘hiding place, back part’;
Indic: Sanskrit k¯
ulam ‘rear of army’; Italic: Latin c¯
ulus ‘buttocks, anus,’
cl¯
unis ‘buttock, hip’; Celtic: Old Irish c¯
ul ‘back, rear,’ Welsh cil ‘back,’
cl`
un ‘buttock’; Germanic: Proto-Germanic *hulo ‘hole,’ Gothic hulundi
‘cave,’ English hole, Swedish n¨
as-h˚
ala ‘nostril.’ [
IE 951
]
Uralic:
Proto-Finno-Ugric *k¨
ol ‘hole’; Ugric: Vogul kal
∼ hal ‘crack,’ Ostyak
k˘
ol
∼ hul, Hungarian halok ‘incision’; Finnic: Finnish kolo ‘hole, crack,’
Saami golo ‘fissure,’ Zyrian kolas ‘crack,’ Cheremis kongëla ‘armpit,’
Southern Estonian kaÑgel ‘shoulder.’ [
U 101, 106, N 220, EU
]
Korean
kul ‘cave.’ [
EU
]
Japanese-Ryukyuan:
Japanese kur ‘hollow, scoop out.’ [
EU
]
Dravidian:
Tulu kullig`e ‘buttocks,’ kaÑkul.a ‘armpit’ (= arm-hole), Kolami
k¯
ula ‘buttock,’ ganjg¯
uly ‘armpit,’ Gondi kula ‘buttock,’ k¯
akri ‘armpit,’
Kannada kaÑkur
∼ gaÑkëlu ‘armpit,’ Telugu kauÑgili ‘breast,’ tsaÑkili
∼ tsakkili ‘armpit’ (= arm-hole), Malayalam akkul.am ‘armpit, tickling,’
Tamil akkul. ‘armpit,’ akkul.u ‘to tickle.’ [
D 1234, 2274, Supplement 30; N 220,
NSD 3
]
Caucasian:
Proto-Caucasian *kHwëÌrV ‘hole, pit, ravine,’ Proto-Nax *k¯
or
‘window,’ Proto-Dido *kurV ‘ravine,’ Proto-Lak *kuIru ‘nest,’ Proto-
Dargi *kur ‘pit,’ Proto-Lezghian *kur ‘pit, river,’ Lezgi k’ul-ux ‘back-
wards,’ k’ul-ux-k’il ‘hip, posterior, buttocks,’ Kurin qula ‘loins, buttocks.’
[
C 113, JR 58
]
Sino-Tibetan:
Tibeto-Burman: Proto-Tibeto-Burman *kor
∼ *kwar ‘hole,’
*kali ‘armpit, tickle,’ Tibetan (West) kor ‘hollow in the ground, pit,’
Lushei khuar
∼ khur ‘hole,’ kor ‘ravine,’ Dimasa ha-khor ‘cave’ (= earth-
hole), sisi-khor ‘armpit’ (= tickle-hole), Bodo ha-khor ‘hole, valley,’ Bur-
302
14. Global Etymologies
mese k˘
al´ı ‘tickle,’ tshak-k˘
ali
∼ lak-k˘ali ‘armpit’ (= arm-hole, cf. the Tel-
ugu form above), Lakher kili ‘tickle,’ ba-këli ‘armpit.’ [
ST 265, 349, 350
]
Na-Dene:
Haida kunts-qul
∼ kwun-zool ‘nostril’ (= nose-hole). [
ND
]
Daic:
Khamti k˘
ale ‘tickle,’ kap k˘
ale ‘armpit’ tsuÑ k˘
ari ‘tickle,’ Shan sop k˘
alit
‘armpit’;
Tai: Proto-Tai *xru
∼ *ru ‘hole,’ *xru ÷daÑ ‘nostril’
(= hole nose). [
PB 316, 410
]
Austronesian:
Proto-Austronesian *kili ‘shoulder,’ *kilikili ‘armpit,’ Taga-
log kili(ti) ‘tickling,’ kilikili ‘armpit,’ Cham kël˘ek ‘tickle,’ Fijian kili
∼
kiri ‘armpit,’ Nggela kilikili ‘tickle a tired pig to make it go.’ [
AN 80, 121,
WW 187, PB 230, 410
]
9 KUAN ‘dog’
Khoisan:
/Xam !gw˜
a˜ı ‘hyena,’ //Ng-!’e /x˜
a˜ı, /’Auni /k˜
a˜ın, Kakia /x˜
a˜ı, /Nu-
//en /¯
un, !Kung /gw´ı, !O-!Kung /gw˜ı. [
SAK 380, DB 48
]
Afro-Asiatic:
Proto-Afro-Asiatic *k(j)n ‘dog, wolf’; Omotic: Haruro k¯
an¯
o,
Basketo kan¯
a, Kullo kana, Gimira kjan, Kaffa kun¯
an¯
o, Mao kano; Chadic:
Gamergu ken¯e, Jegu k´
a´
n. [
CS 189, N 238, UOL 175
]
Indo-European:
Proto-Indo-European *kwon
∼ *kun ‘dog’; Phrygian kan;
Greek ku¯
on; Italic: Latin can(-is); Armenian ˇsun
∼ ˇsan; Indic: Sanskrit
¸cvan; Iranian: Avestan span; Tocharian ku
∼ kon; Germanic: Old English
hund, English hound. [
IE 632, UOL 175, N 238, EU
]
Uralic:
Proto-Uralic (Illich-Svitych) *k¨
ujn¨
a ‘wolf’; Finno-Ugric: Northern
Saami gˆ
aidne ‘wolf,’ Udmurt k˘
yjon ‘wolf,’ Komi k ˙oin ‘wolf’; Samoyed:
Ostyak Samoyed kana(-k) ‘dog’ (probably a borrowing) [
N 238, UOL 175,
EU
]
Turkic:
Old Turkish qanˇciq ‘bitch.’ [
EU
]
Mongolian:
Mongol qani ‘a wild masterless dog.’ [
EU
]
Tungus:
Proto-Tungus *xina ‘dog,’ Manchu (inda-)xun, Udej in‘ai, Oroch
inaxki, Evenki ina, inakin, Lamut Ñen, Orok Ñinda. [
N 238, EU
]
Korean
ka ‘dog’ ( < kani). [
N 238, EU
]
Gilyak
qan
∼ kan ‘dog.’ [
EU
]
Eskimo-Aleut:
Sirenik qanaγa ‘wolf.’ [
EU
]
Caucasian:
Proto-Caucasian *χHw˘eje ‘dog,’ Proto-Avar-Andi *χ
w
o÷i ‘dog,’
Proto-Lezghian *χÌ
w
¨
aja ‘dog.’ [
C 212
]
Basque
haz-koin ‘badger’ (lit. ‘bear-dog’).
Yeniseian:
Proto-Yeniseian *k¯
u´
n
∼ *g¯u´n ‘wolverine.’ [
Y
]
Sino-Tibetan:
Proto-Sino-Tibetan *qh
w
¯ıj ‘dog,’ Archaic Chinese *k
h
iwën
‘dog’; Tibeto-Burman: Proto-Tibeto-Burman *kwiy, Tibetan khyi, Kana-
uri kui, Thebor khui, Vaya uri, Chepang kwi, Karen gwi. [
ST 159, UOL
175
]
?Indo-Pacific:
Pila kawun ‘dog,’ Saki kawuÑ, Wodani kawino. [
FS 14
]
14. Global Etymologies
303
?Austronesian:
Proto-Oceanic *nkaun ‘dog.’ [
WW 60
]
Amerind:
Dostları ilə paylaş: |