]
?Austroasiatic:
Semang p¯
ak ‘hand,’ ta-pak ‘to slap.’ [
NA 63
]
Daic:
Tai: Proto-Tai *÷ba ‘shoulder’; Sek va; Kam-Sui: Mak ha; Ong-Be bea;
Li: Proto-Li *va; Laqua muë ‘shoulder’ (< *mb(γ)a). [
PB 378
]
Austronesian:
Proto-Austronesian *(÷a)-baγa‘ ‘shoulder,’ Proto-Formosan
*qa-baγa-(a)n, Proto-Oceanic *(qa-)paγa, Mukawa kabara, Paiwa kavara.
[
AN 19, WW 187, PB 378
]
Amerind:
Almosan-Keresiouan: Mandan s¯
upaxe ‘arm,’ Dakota xupahu, Bi-
loxi s˜
opka ‘fin’; Penutian: Natchez ilbak ‘hand,’ Choctaw ibbok ‘hand,
arm,’ Chitimacha p¯
akta ‘armpit,’ Totonac paqni÷ ‘arm,’ Huastec pah¯
ab
‘hand,’ Quiche sipax ‘give’; Hokan: Yana dac-buku ‘arm,’ Salinan puku,
Chumash pu, Cochimi ginyakpak, Mohave hivipuk, Havasupai vuy-eboka,
Subtiaba paxpu; Chibchan-Paezan: Shiriana poko
∼ boko, Cuitlatec poxja,
Jutiapa paxa, Chiquimulilla pux ‘hand,’ Xinca pahal ‘arm,’ Paya bakapu
‘give,’ Cayapa pexpex ‘arm,’ Colorado pexpe, Mura apixi, Chimu p¯ık
‘give,’ Puruha pux; Andean: Culli pui ‘hand,’ Simacu bixi, Allentiac
pux ‘give,’ Auca po ‘hand,’; Macro-Tucanoan: Canamari p¨
oghy ‘hand,’
Papury mbake, Tiquie (m)bake ‘arm,’ Kaliana kiˇjapakuba, Catauxim
ˇcu-bak˜
o ‘hand,’ Proto-Nambikwara *pik’; Equatorial: Chamacoco puk˜e
‘arm,’ Turaha pogo, Camsa buakua-ha, Coche buakwaˇce ‘hand, forearm,’
Ramarama i-p˜
aÑua ‘arm,’ Karif bugalaga ‘armpit,’ Omagua poa ‘hand,’
Proto-Tupi *po, Yuracare popo, Kamaru bo ‘arm,’ Aruashi bu ‘hand’;
Macro-Carib: Muinane ònò-bwì kì ‘arm,’ Mocoa apo, Ocaina oo÷po ‘hand,’
Tamanaco (j-)apa(-ri) ‘arm,’ Coeruna (ko-)ipai; Macro-Panoan: Chulupi
pakat ‘hand,’ Suhin pakat-ai, Sanapana in-apheik, Charrua (is-)bax ‘arm,’
Toba apige, Chacobo baˇs. ‘elbow, forearm,’ Proto-Tacanan *bai ‘arm’;
Macro-Ge: Botocudo po ‘hand,’ Proto-Ge *pa ‘arm,’ Kaingan pe, Chiq-
uito (i-)pa, Guato (ma-)po. [
AM 7, MT 46, AMN
]
21 PUTI ‘vulva’
Niger-Congo:
Mande: Malinke butu ‘vulva,’ Guro buri, Bobo-Fing bido,
Bisa bid; Bantu: Luganda -butò ‘womb,’ Kunda -budu, Swazi -Ñgo-bòti,
Ki-sikongo -buti. [
HJ, M
]
Nilo-Saharan:
Songhai: Gao buti ‘vulva,’ Djerma bute; Koman: Ganza pit,
Koma bitt. [
NS 145, NSD 59
]
Afro-Asiatic:
Proto-Afro-Asiatic *pwt ‘hole, anus, vulva’; Omotic: Ganjule
pote ‘vagina’; Semitic: Hebrew pot ‘vulva’ (“secret parts” in the King
James Version, Isaiah 3:17); Cushitic: Somali f´
uto ‘anus,’ Darasa f¯ıdo
320
14. Global Etymologies
‘genitals,’ Oromo fuˇ
gi ‘vulva’; Chadic: Jegu paate, ‘vulva,’ paato ‘penis,’
Angas fut ‘hole.’ [
CS 381, IS 340, WM 64
]
Kartvelian:
Proto-Kartvelian *put’ ‘hole,’ Svan put’u. [
IS 340
]
Indo-European:
Proto-Indo-European *puto ‘cunnus’; Indic: Sanskrit p˘
¯
u-
tau ‘buttocks’; Italic: Vulgar Latin *putta ‘girl,’ Old French pute (mod.
putain) ‘whore,’ Proven¸cal puta(-na), Spanish puta; Germanic: Old Ice-
landic fu∂ ‘cunnus,’ Middle High German vut ‘vulva,’ Swiss German fotz
∼ fotza, Swedish fitta, fod ‘rear end’ (dialectal). [
WP II: 21, IE 848, SM 1013
]
Uralic:
Proto-Uralic (Illich-Svitych) *putV ‘rectum,’ (R´edei) *put‰ ‘rectum,
colon’; Ugric: Ostyak p˘
uti ‘rectum’; Finnic: Saami butt˘eg˘e. [
U 91, IS 340,
R 410
]
Dravidian:
Brahui pund.¯u ‘anus, buttocks,’ p¯os ‘vulva,’ Tamil pun.t.ai ‘vulva,’
p¯
ur
¯
u
∼ p¯ır
¯
u ‘anus,’ poccu ‘vulva, anus,’ Malayalam p¯
ur
¯
u ‘buttocks, vulva,’
Kannada pucci ‘vulva,’ Telugu p¯
ud.a ‘anus,’ Tulu p¯ut.i ‘vulva,’ Kodagu
pur¨ı, Kota pid., Toda p¨ıd.y ‘penis,’ Kuwi putki. [
D 4273, 4379, 4476, NSD 59
]
Mongolian:
Middle Mongolian h¨
ut¨
u-g¨
un ‘vulva.’
Japanese-Ryukyuan:
Old Japanese p
h
ò
to ‘vulva’ (mod. hoto). [
SY
]
Eskimo-Aleut:
Proto-Eskimo-Aleut *putu ‘hole.’ [
EA
]
Caucasian:
Proto-Caucasian *p˘
ut’i ‘genitals (mostly female),’ Proto-Nax
*but’ ‘vulva,’ Proto-Avar-Andi *but’a, Proto-Lak *put’i ‘tube,’ Proto-
Dargi *put’i ‘anus,’ Proto-Lezghian *¯
pot’ ‘penis.’ [
C 168
]
Basque
poto-rro ‘pubis, vulva.’
?Australian:
Luridya pud˘
a ‘vulva.’ [
VB
]
?Austronesian:
Proto-Austronesian *betik ‘vagina,’ *puki ‘vulva’ (< *puti
?; cf. East Rukai pati ‘vulva’), Ami puki, Tsou buki ‘penis.’ [
AN 121, WW
231, 233, PB 417
]
Amerind:
Almosan-Keresiouan: Delaware saputti ‘anus,’ Mohegan sebud,
Wiyot beˇs ‘vagina,’ Upper Chehalis -pˇs ‘anus’; Penutian: Chinook puˇc,
Yaudanchi poto ‘penis,’ San Juan Bautista lapus ‘anus,’ Southern Sierra
Miwok p¯
otol; Hokan: Washo (d-)¯ıbis ‘vagina,’ Karok v¯ıθ, Diegue˜
no
hap¯ıˇcatt, Tequistlatec (la-)beˇsu÷; Chibchan-Paezan: Move butie, Paya
pèta-is-tapcca ‘anus,’ Chimu pot, Ayoman busi ‘vagina,’ Allentiac poru;
Andean: Quechua upiti ‘anus,’ Yamana p¯
uta ‘hole,’ Aymara p
h
ut
h
u;
Macro-Tucanoan: Gamella sebu ‘vulva,’ Uaiana mbitikope ‘anus,’ Uas¨
ona
hibitikope; Equatorial: Guahibo petu ‘vagina,’ Guayabero sil-f
h
uta ‘vulva,’
Kandoshi apˇcir(-iˇc), Toyeri apuit ‘vagina,’ Wachipairi ped, Piapoko af
h
uta-
ni ‘buttocks,’ Tariana p¯
ati-niawa ‘vagina,’ Warakena p¯ede ‘clitoris,’ Ca-
ranga piˇce ‘vulva,’ Uro piˇsi, (cf. also such Equatorial forms as Siusi
t
s
u-pote ‘vagina,’ Campa sibiˇci ‘vulva,’ ˇsibiˇci ‘penis,’ Uro ˇsapsi ‘genital
organ’); Macro-Carib: Jaricuna poita ‘vagina,’ Pimenteira p¨
utze-maung,
Waiwai boˇci ‘pubic hair,’ Motilon pirri ‘penis’; Macro-Panoan: Cavine˜
na
14. Global Etymologies
321
busu-kani ‘anus,’ Tagnani opet, Tiatinagua besi ‘penis,’ Panobo buˇsi,’
Lule pesu; Macro-Ge: Mekran putote. [
AM 263, EQ 121, AMN
]
22 TEKU ‘leg, foot’
Niger-Congo:
Konyagi -tak ‘heel,’ Gurmana -duge, Jarawa -dudug-ul, Ki-
kuyu -togigo. [
HJ II
]
Nilo-Saharan:
Proto-Kuliak *tak’a ‘foot, shoe,’ takw ‘step on, tread on,’
So tèg ‘foot’; Saharan: Daza dige ’leg,’ Kanuri dë Ñgäl ‘wade,’ Kanembu
d˜
o. ∼ duu ‘leg,’ Berti taki ‘thigh,’ Karda d`ıg`ı ‘foot.’ [
VB, NSB
]
Afro-Asiatic:
Omotic: Male toki ‘leg,’ Koyra toke, Kachama tuke, Bambeshi
tugè ‘foot,’ Nao tego ‘to go,’ Dime tiÑgo; Cushitic: Proto-East Cushitic
*t¯
ak-, Somali tag- ‘to go,’ Dahalo d
¯
aka‘a ‘foot’; Chadic: Proto-West Chadic
*tak- ‘to walk with somebody, accompany,’ Muzgum t´
ugu ‘foot,’ Gollango
ta° ‘to go.’ [
VB, LN 255, OS 166
]
Dravidian:
Proto-Central Dravidian *t¯
ak ‘to walk,’ Parji t¯
ak, Pengo t¯
aÑ(g),
Kui t¯
aka. [
D 3151, LN 255
] Cf. also Telugu d.ekka ‘hoof,’ Naikri d.ekka,
Konda d.eka, Kuwi dekka. [
D 2970
]
Caucasian:
Proto-Caucasian *t’H˘
a
¯
lq’
w
V ‘part of the leg,’ Proto-East Cau-
casian *t’
w
eh
w
V ‘foot,’ Proto-Dido *t’ì q’
w
V ‘sole of the foot,’ Proto-
Lezghian *t’elq’
w
I ‘shin, ankle.’ [
C 196
]
Na-Dene:
Proto-Eyak-Athabaskan *t’ `
¯
ax
∼ *t’`¯ ah ‘foot.’ [
DC
]
Indo-Pacific:
Tasmanian tok˘
ana ‘foot’; Timor-Alor: Abui tuku ‘leg, foot’;
Halmahera: Ternate tagi ‘to walk’; Central Melanesian: Savo tetegha ‘foot,
lower leg’; Tasmanian: Northeast tage(-na) ‘to walk,’ North taka(-ri),
Southeast taga(-ra); North New Guinea: Arso taka ‘foot’; Southwest New
Guinea: Marind tagu ‘to walk,’ Telefol tek ‘to go’; South New Guinea:
Mombum it¨
ogh ‘foot,’ Bara togoi ‘leg’; Central New Guinea: Ekari togo
‘to walk,’ Matap tag ‘hip’; East New Guinea: Jegasa Sarau tegi ‘foot.’ [
IP
80, T 458
]
Amerind:
Almosan-Keresiouan: Mandan dok’a ‘leg,’ Hidatsa idiki; Penu-
tian: Siuslaw ts¯ık
w
‘foot,’ North Sahaptin tëχp ‘with the foot,’ Nez Perce
teχ´e÷p ‘foot,’ Wintu t‘ek- ‘move,’ Mixe tek ‘foot,’ Huastec t
s
’ehet ‘up-
per leg’; Hokan: Jicaque tek ‘leg’; Chibchan-Paezan: Borunca tek
∼ dek
‘walk,’ Move dikeko, Atanque dukakana ‘leg,’ Baudo taˇc.i-kini ‘foot’; An-
dean: Simacu tixea ‘foot,’ Yahgan kadek ‘walk’; Macro-Tucanoan: Tiquie
do(γ) ‘leg,’ Wanana dexso ‘thigh’; Equatorial: Tinigua diki ‘foot,’ Pi-
aroa tsih˜ep˜e, Wapishana ˇcikep ‘walk,’ Arawak adikki-hi ‘footprint,’ Miguri
guateke ‘walk,’ Guayabero tuk ‘foot,’ Yurucare tekte ‘leg,’ Guahibo taxu
‘foot’; Macro-Carib: Bora take ‘leg,’ Andoke (ka-)dekkhe ‘foot’; Macro-
Panoan: Cavine˜
na edaˇci, Panobo taeg, Mayoruna taku, Amahuaca taku;
Macro-Ge: Oti etage ‘leg,’ Cotoxo t¨
axkatse, Camican tako-emaÑ ‘walk,’
Proto-Ge *tè ‘leg.’ [
AM 165, AMN
]
322
14. Global Etymologies
23 TIK ‘finger; one’
Niger-Congo:
West Atlantic: Fulup sik
∼ sex ‘finger,’ Nalu te; North-
Central Niger-Congo: Gur dike ‘1’; South-Central Niger-Congo: Gwa
dogbo, Fon ¢`
okp´
a Ewe ¢`ek´
a; Bantu: Tonga tiho ‘finger,’ Chopi t
s
iho,
Ki-Bira zika, Ba-Kiokwa zigu. [
KS 55, UOL 91, HJ II: 295
]
Nilo-Saharan:
Fur tòk ‘1,’ Maba tëk, Dendje doko ‘ten,’ Nera ¢òkk-u ‘1,’
Merarit tok ‘ten,’ Dinka tok ‘1,’ Berta ¢´
uk´
oni, ?Mangbetu t’è, Kwama
seek-o, Bari to, Jur tok, Twampa ¢`e÷, Komo ¢´e. [
NS 103, CN 72, ES 83, KS
55, UOL 91, NSB
]
Afro-Asiatic:
Proto-Afro-Asiatic *tak ‘1’; Semitic: Peripheral West Gurage
tëgu (ëmmat) ‘only 1’; Cushitic: Oromo toko ‘1,’ takku ‘palm (of hand),’
Yaaku tegei ‘hand,’ Saho ti ‘1,’ Bilin tu, Tsamai d¯
okko; Berber: Nefusa
tukod. ‘finger’; Chadic: Hausa (d.aya) tak ‘only 1,’ Gisiga t¯ekoy ‘1,’ Gidder
te-teka, Logone tku ‘first.’ [
AAD 3: 10
]
Indo-European:
Proto-Indo-European *deik ‘to show, point,’ *dekm‹ ‘10’;
Italic: Latin dig(-itus) ‘finger,’ dic(-¯
are) ‘to say,’ decem ‘10’; Germanic:
Proto-Germanic *taihw¯
o ‘toe,’ Old English tahe ‘toe,’ English toe, Old
High German zˆeha ‘toe, finger.’ [
IE 188, 191, EU
]
Uralic:
Votyak odik ‘1,’ Zyrian ˜
otik. [
U 138, EU
]
Turkic:
Chuvash tek ‘only, just,’ Uighur tek ‘only, merely,’ Chagatai tek
‘only, single,’ Turkish tek ‘only,’ teken ‘one by one.’ [
EU
]
Korean
(t)tayki ‘1, thing,’ teki ‘1, guy, thing,’ Old Korean t¯ek ‘10.’ [
EU
]
Japanese-Ryukyuan:
Japanese te ‘hand.’ [
UOL 195
]
Ainu
tek
∼ teke ‘hand,’ atiki ‘five.’ [
UOL 195, EU
]
Gilyak
ˇrak ‘once.’ [
EU
]
Chukchi-Kamchatkan:
Kamchadal itygin ‘foot, paw.’ [
EU
]
Eskimo-Aleut:
Proto-Eskimo-Aleut *q(ì)tìk ‘middle finger’; Eskimo: Kus-
kokwim tik(-iq) ‘index finger,’ Greenlandic tik(-iq) ‘index finger,’ tikkuag-
paa ‘he points to it’; Aleut: Attu tik(-laq) ‘middle finger,’ atgu ‘finger,’
taγataq ‘1,’ Atka atakan. [
EU, EA 121
]
Yeniseian:
Proto-Yeniseian *tok ‘finger.’ [
VT
]
Sino-Tibetan:
Archaic Chinese *t
i@ek ‘single, 1’; Tibeto-Burman: Proto-
Tibeto-Burman *tyik ‘1,’ Rai tik(-pu), Tibetan (g-)t´sig. [
ST 94
]
Na-Dene:
Haida (s-)t
l
a ‘with the fingers’; Tlingit t
l
’eeq ‘finger,’ t
l
ek ‘1’; Eyak
tikhi; Athabaskan: Sarsi tlik’-(aza), Kutchin (˜ı-)¬ag, Hupa ¬a÷, Navajo
¬
`
a÷. [
ND
]
Indo-Pacific:
Tasmanian: Southern motook ‘forefinger,’ Southeastern togue
‘hand’; West New Guinea: Proto-Karonan *dik ‘1’; Southwest New Guin-
ea: Boven Mbian tek ‘fingernail,’ Digul tuk. [
IP 37, SWNG 39, SNG 42,
UOL 195
]
14. Global Etymologies
323
Austroasiatic:
Proto-Austroasiatic *(k-)tig ‘arm, hand’; Munda: Kharia
ti÷; Mon-Khmer: Riang ti÷, Wa tai÷, Khmer t.ai, Vietnamese tay, Proto-
Aslian *tik
∼ *tiÑ. [
PB 467, UOL 195
]
Miao-Yao:
Proto-Miao-Yao *nto÷ ‘finger’; Proto-Yao *do÷; Proto-Miao *ntaì
‘point with the finger.’ [
PB 356
]
Daic:
Proto-Li *dliaÑ ‘finger,’ Northern Li tleaÑ
∼ theÑ, Loi thèÑ ∼ ´ciaÑ.
[
PB 356
]
?Austronesian:
Proto-Austronesian *(tu-)diÑ ‘point with the finger.’ [
AN
140, WW 156, PB 356, UOL 195
]
Amerind:
Almosan-Keresiouan: Nootka tak
w
a ‘only,’ Bella Coola t
s
’i÷x
w
‘five,’ Kalispel t
s
’oq
w
‘point with the finger,’ Kwakwala sok
w
‘five,’ Nitinat
-tsoq- ‘in hand,’ Cherokee sakwe ‘1,’ Acoma ÷iskaw, Pawnee uska, Mo-
hawk tsi÷er ‘finger,’ Hidatsa ˇsaki, Winnebago s¯
ak, Quapaw ˇcak, Biloxi
iˇcaki ‘fingers,’ Yuchi saki ‘hand’; Penutian: Southern Sierra Miwok t
s
ik’a÷
‘index finger,’ Wintun tiq-eles ‘10,’ Nisenan tok- ‘hand,’ Mixe to÷k
∼
tuk’ ‘1,’ Sayula tu÷k, Tzeltal tukal ‘alone,’ Quiche tik’ex ‘carry in the
hand,’ Hokan: Proto-Hokan *dìk’i ‘finger,’ Karok t¯ık ‘finger, hand,’ Achu-
mawi (wa-)t´
uˇci ‘finger,’ Washo tsek, Yana -t
s
’gi- ‘alone,’ East Pomo b¯ı’ya-
ts¯
ukai ‘finger,’ Arraarra teeh’k ‘hand,’ Pehtsik tiki-vash, Akwa’ala aˇsit-
dek ‘1’; Central Amerind: Nahua t
s
¨ıikia÷a, Pima Bajo ˇc¯ıˇc, Tarahumara
sika ‘hand,’ Mazatec ˇcika÷˜
a ‘alone,’ Mangue tike ‘1,’ Cuicatec diˇci ‘10’;
Chibchan-Paezan: Chibcha ytiquyn ‘finger,’ aˇcik ‘by ones,’ Borunca e‘tsik
‘1,’ Guatuso dooki, Shiriana ˜ıthak ‘hand,’ Ulua tinka-mak ‘finger,’ Paez
tè èˇc ‘1,’ Allentiac tukum ‘10,’ Warrau hisaka ‘finger, 1’; Andean: Cahua-
pana itekla ‘finger, hand,’ Jebero it¨
okla, Alakaluf t¯
akso ‘1,’ Quechua s¯
ok;
Macro-Tucanoan: Siona tekua, Siona teg-li ‘5,’ Canichana eu-tixle ‘fin-
ger,’ Ticuna suku ‘hand,’ Yupua di(x)ka ‘arm,’ Uas¨
ona dikaga; Equato-
rial: Upano t
s
ikitik ‘1,’ Aguaruna tikiˇj, Murato t
s
iˇci ‘hand,’ Uru t
s
¯ı ‘1,’
Chipaya zek, Itene taka, Guamo dixi ‘finger,’ Katembri tika ‘toe,’ Yu-
racare teˇce ‘thumb’; Macro-Carib: Kukura tikua ‘finger,’ Accawai tigina
‘1,’ Yagua teki; Imihita meux-tsekoa ‘finger,’ Trio tinki ‘1,’ Ocaina dikabu
‘arm’; Macro-Panoan: Mataco otejji ‘1,’ Tagnani etegueno ‘finger,’ Sensi
(nawiˇs)-tikoe ‘1 (finger)’ Cavine˜
na eme-toko ‘hand,’ Moseten tak ‘10’;
Macro-Ge: Botocudo (po-)ˇcik ‘1 (finger),’ ˇ
gik ‘alone,’ Proto-Ge *(pì -)t
s
i
‘1 (finger).’ [
AM 110, MT 1, DL 56, AMN
]
24 TIKA ‘earth’
?Niger-Congo:
Proto-Bantu *t`
ak`
a ‘earth, mud, ground, soil,’ Swahili taka
‘dirt, refuse.’ [
BA IV: 87
]
?Nilo-Saharan:
Berta adok’o(Ñ)
∼ atok’o(Ñ) ‘mud.’ [
Bender 1989
]
324
14. Global Etymologies
Kartvelian:
Proto-Kartvelian *tiqa
∼ *diqa ‘soil, clay,’ Georgian tixa ‘clay,
dirt’ (< Old Georgian tiqa), Mingrelian dixa
∼ dexa ‘soil, earth,’ Chan
(n)dixa ‘soil.’ [
KA 94, N 69
]
Indo-European:
Proto-Indo-European *dhghem ‘earth’; Anatolian: Hittite
te-e-kan; Indic: Sanskrit ks.am; Iranian: Avestan z¯aå; Albanian dhe; Italic:
Latin humus; Celtic: Old Irish d¯
u ‘place’; Baltic: Latvian zeme ‘earth’;
Slavic: Old Church Slavic zemlja; Tocharian: Tocharian A tkam
. . [
IE 414,
N 69
]
Dravidian:
Tamil tukal. ‘dust,’ Telugu d¯ugar
¯
a ‘dust, dirt,’ Kolami t¯
uk ‘dust,
earth, clay,’ Naikri tuk ‘earth, clay,’ Parji t¯
ukud ‘earth, clay, soil,’ Gadba
t¯
ukur. ‘earth, clay.’ [
D 3283
]
Japanese-Ryukyuan:
Old Japanese tuk¨ı ‘mud,’ tuki ‘land’ (mod. t
s
uki
∼
t
s
uˇci). [
SY
]
Burushaski
t¯ık
∼ tik ‘earth, ground.’ [
B 351
]
Yeniseian:
Proto-Yeniseian *tëq- ‘clay, dirt,’ Ket tag-ar ‘clay,’ Kot t
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