14 Global Etymologies
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mik, Maricopa maxay, Yuman maˇsa-xay ‘girl,’ Tequistlatec (¬a-)mihkano ‘boy’; Central Amerind: Tewa mog`e ‘young,’ ?Otomi metsi ‘boy’; Chibchan-Paezan: Cuna maˇci(-gua), Ulua muix-bine ‘child,’ Chimila muka ‘son-in-law,’ muka-yunkvir ‘daughter,’ Shiriana moko ‘girl,’ Nonama mukua ‘daughter,’ muˇcaira ‘son’; Andean: Yahgan maku ‘son,’ makou-esa ‘daughter-in-law,’ Yamana m¯ aku-n ‘son’; Macro-Tucanoan: Yeba m˜ ak˜e˜e ‘child,’ yimaki ‘son,’ Waikina maxk˜e ‘child,’ mehino ‘boy,’ Dyurumawa (ma-)maki ‘(small) child,’ Coto ma-make ‘boy,’ Tucano muktuia ‘boy, girl,’ vimago ‘girl,’ dyemaxk˜ı ‘child,’ Curetu si-mag¨ o ‘daughter,’ si-mugi ‘son,’ Waiana yemakë ‘daughter,’ ¨ Om¨ oa yemaxke ‘son,’ Ticuna m¯ akan ‘child,’ Desana mague ‘son,’ Auake makuam˜e, Waikina make; Equato- rial: Mehinacu yamakui ‘boy,’ Paumari makinaua ‘boy, young,’ -makhini ‘grandson,’ Marawan makibmani ‘boy,’ Uru maˇci ‘daughter,’ Caranga maˇc ‘son,’ Oyampi kuny˜ a-muku- ‘girl,’ Maue makubdia, Tambe kusa- muku ‘young woman’; Macro-Carib: Yabarana m¯ uku ‘boy,’ Galibi magon ‘young of animals,’ Cumanagote miku ‘child,’ Pavishana mu’gi ‘daugh- ter,’ Taulipang muku ‘son,’ Accawai mogo; Macro-Panoan: Tiatinagua
Coroado meke-ˇsambe ‘son.’ [ AM 62, AMN ] 13 MALIQ’A ‘to suck(le), nurse; breast’ Afro-Asiatic: Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *mlg ‘breast, udder, suck,’ Arabic mlˇ g ‘to suck the breast,’ Old Egyptian mnd ¯ (< *mlg) ‘woman’s breast, udder’; Cushitic: Somali maal- ‘to milk,’ Rendille ma.a.l-. [ N 291, LN 291 ] Indo-European: Proto-Indo-European *melˆ g- ‘to milk’; Greek α’μ´ λγω; Italic: Latin mulg-¯ere; Celtic: Irish bligim ‘to milk,’ mlicht ‘milk’; Ger- manic: Gothic miluks ‘milk,’ Old Norse mjolka ‘to milk,’ English ‘to milk, milk’; Baltic: Lithuanian milˇzti ‘to milk’; Slavic: Old Church Slavic mlˇesti; Albanian mjell¨e; Tocharian: Tocharian A m¯ alk-lune ‘milking,’ malke ‘milk,’ Tocharian B malk-wer ‘milk.’ [ IE 722
] Uralic:
Proto-Uralic (Illich-Svitych) *m¨ alγe ‘breast,’ Proto-Finno-Ugric (R´e- dei) *m¨ alke; Saami mielgˆ a ‘breast, chest,’ Mordvin m¨ alhk¨ a ‘breast,’ Vogul m¨ agl (with metathesis), Hungarian mell, Yukaghir melu-t. [ N 291, R 267 ]
14. Global Etymologies 309
Dravidian: Kurux melkh¯ a ‘throat, neck’ and Malto melqe ‘throat,’ Tamil melku ‘to chew, masticate,’ Malayalam melluka ‘to chew, champ,’ Toda mel.k ‘mouthful,’ Kannada mellu ‘to chew, masticate, eat with a muttering sound,’ melaku ‘bringing up again for rumination,’ Telugu mekku ‘to eat, gobble,’ Gadba mekkap- ‘to eat like a glutton.’ [ D 5077, 5080 ] Eskimo-Aleut: Aleut umlix ‘chest,’ Kuskokwim milugˆ a ‘sucks it out,’ mulik ‘nipple,’ milˆ ugarˆ a ‘licks (or sucks) it; kisses it (a child).’ [ EU ] Caucasian: Proto-Caucasian *mVq’VlV ‘throat, larynx,’ Proto-Avar-Andi *ma¯ q’ala ‘throat,’ Proto-Dido *muq’, Proto-Dargi *muq’luq’ ‘chute, gut- ter.’ [
C 142 ] Amerind: Almosan: Lower Fraser mëlq w ‘throat,’ Nootka m ’ uk w ‘swallow,’ Kwakwala m
gers with the tongue,’ Heiltsuk m ’ elqva ‘chew food for baby,’ m ’ elχv-ba´ut ‘lick the end of something,’ Yurok mik’olum ‘swallow,’ Kutenai u÷mqo¬; Penutian: Chinook -m´ ¯
w -tan ‘cheek,’ Wishram ¯ o-m¯eqλ ‘lick’; Oregon: Takelma m¨ ulk’ ‘swallow,’ Tfalatik milq, Kalapuya malq- mat ‘lick’; Yokuts m¯ ok’i ‘swallow,’ mik’-is ‘throat,’ Mixe amu÷ul ‘suck,’ Zoque mu÷k; Hokan: Yuma mal j aq´e ‘neck,’ Walapai malqi’ ‘throat, neck’ Havasupai milq´e ‘throat,’ Yavapai melq´ı ‘neck,’ Mohave mal j aq´e ‘throat,’ Akwa’ala milq´ı ‘neck,’ Paipai milq´ı; Chibchan: Cuna murki-makka ‘swal- low,’ murgi murgi sae ‘swallow food’; Andean: Quechua (Cochabamba)
‘swallow, throat’ (a borrowing from Quechua?) Equatorial: Guamo mirko ‘drink.’ [ P 239, AMN; this etymology is explored in greater detail in Chapter 11. ] 14 MANA ‘to stay (in a place)’ ?Nilo-Saharan: Tatoga mi ˙n ‘to stand,’ Shabo maÑ-ka ‘to sit.’ [ NSB, HF 12 ] Afro-Asiatic: Proto-Afro-Asiatic *mn ‘to remain, be firm’; Ancient Egyp- tian mn ‘to remain,’ Coptic mun; Semitic: Proto-Semitic *’mn ‘to be firm, safe,’ Arabic ’munu ‘to be loyal to someone,’ ’manu ‘to be safe,’ Geez ’mn ‘to be faithful,’ Syriac ’am¯ın ‘firm,’ Classical Hebrew (n-)’mn ‘to be per- manent, safe’; Omotic: Gofa min ‘to be firm, strong’; Cushitic: Oromo
CS 38, N
287, UOL 192 ] ?Kartvelian: Georgian mena ‘dwelling’ (possibly a borrowing from Iranian languages). [ N 287 ]
Proto-Indo-European *men ‘to remain’; Indic: Sanskrit man ‘to linger, not budge from a place’; Iranian: Old Persian man ‘to remain, wait for’; Armenian mnam ‘I remain, wait for’; Italic: Latin man(-ere) ‘to remain’; Tocharian: Tocharian A m˜ ne ‘waiting,’ m¨ ask (< *men-sk) ‘to be.’ [ IE 729, N 287, UOL 192 ]
310 14. Global Etymologies Dravidian: Proto-Dravidian *man ‘to remain in a place,’ Brahui manning ‘to become, be,’ Malto mene, Kurux mann¯ a, Kuwi man ‘to be, remain, stay,’ Konda man ‘to be, stay, dwell,’ Parji men ‘to be, stay,’ Telugu manu ‘to live, exist,’ mannu ‘to last, be durable,’ Malayalam mannuka ‘to stand fast,’ Tamil man ¯ n ¯ u ‘to be permanent, remain long, stay.’ [ D 4778, N 287 ] Tungus:
Evenki m¯ ¨
¨
place,’ Negidal m¨ an¨ aˇ g¨ a ‘to remain.’ [ N 287
] Caucasian: Proto-Caucasian *÷i-ma(n)- ‘to stay, be,’ Hurrian mann- ‘to be.’ [ NSC 111 ] Basque
min ‘to place, set up, settle.’ Burushaski män(-äs) ‘to be, become.’ [ B 257
] Indo-Pacific: South New Guinea: Makleu man ‘to sit,’ Jab m¨
tral New Guinea: Siane min ‘to stay, sit,’ Gende mina ‘stay,’ Mogei mana(-munt) ‘to sit,’ Kuno amen(-nyint); Northeast New Guinea: Lang- tub min ‘to stay’; Unclassified New Guinea: Waruna mana ‘to dwell,’ Gogodala mana ‘to sit, stay.’ [ IP 65
] Amerind:
Almosan-Keresiouan: Nootka ma- ‘dwell’; Penutian: Tsimshian m¯ an ‘remain,’ Kalapuya m¯ anì - ‘wait,’ Maidu ma ‘be,’ Zuni ÷¯ıma ‘sit’; Hokan: Subtiaba -ama; Chibchan-Paezan: Cacaopera ima ‘wait,’ Puruha ma ‘be,’ Timicua -ma ‘inside’; Andean: Cholona -man ‘in,’ Aymara mankxa ‘inside,’ Araucanian minu, Quechua ma- ‘be,’ Yahgan mani ‘be,’ jumanana ‘live,’ m¨ oni ‘remain,’ kamani ‘stand’; Equatorial: Dzubucua ma˜ ne ‘remain,’ Otomi yamania ‘live,’ Paumari gamanani ‘stand,’ Coche xamnan ‘be’; Macro-Carib: Yameo mune ‘sit down,’ Ocaina m¯ un÷xo ‘re- main,’ Apiaca umano ‘wait’; Macro-Panoan: Cashinawa mana, Shipibo manei ‘remain,’ Chacobo man- ‘wait,’ Panobo manai, Lule -ma ‘in’; Macro- Ge: Botocudo m¯en ‘remain,’ Crengez moinj ‘to sit,’ Capoxo moinjam, Bororo a ¯
Tibagi ema ‘dwell,’ [ AM: G46, A 59, MG 99, AMN ] 15 MANO ‘man’ ?Niger-Congo: Bantu: Mbudikum-Bamum -mani ‘man,’ Rwanda mana, Nyanja -muna, Ci-ambo -mna. Nilo-Saharan: East Sudanic: Me’en mè÷èn- ‘person,’ Maban mèn@n@u, Tama
‘male,’ Merarit mo, Dinka mot s , Maban: Mabang ma-ˇsu ‘person.’ [ ES70, NSB ] Afro-Asiatic: Proto-Afro-Asiatic *mn ‘male, man, person’; Ancient Egyp- tian mnw ‘Min, a phallic deity,’ Old Egyptian mnyw ‘herdsman’; Omotic: Wolamo min¯
‘people,’ man-ˇco ‘person,’ Tembaro mana, Iraqw ameni ‘woman’; Berber: 14. Global Etymologies 311
Zenaga uman ‘kin,’ Ghadames iman ‘person,’ Zwawa iman, Qabyle iman; Chadic: Proto-Chadic *mn(j) ‘man,’ Proto-West Chadic *mani ‘man, hus- band,’ Karekare men ‘people,’ Kanakuru minja, Bata m¯
AA 78,
N 292, OS 801, LN 292 ] Indo-European: Proto-Indo-European *manu(-s) ∼ *monu(-s) ‘man’; Indic: Sanskrit m´ anu ∼ m´anus. ‘man, person’; Iranian: Avestan *manus ‘man’; Germanic: Gothic manna, Old High German man, English man (pl. men), woman (< wife + man); Slavic: Old Church Slavic moªˇz˘ı (< *mon-g-jo-), Russian muˇz ‘husband.’ [ IE 700, N 292 ] Uralic: Proto-Uralic (Illich-Svitych) *m¨ a´ n´ce ‘man, person’; Ugric: Vogul mè´ n´ci ∼ ma´n´si (self-name), Ostyak ma´nt ∼ mo´nt ∼ më´s ∼ ma´s (self- name of one Ostyak clan), Hungarian magyar (self-name); Finnic: Finnish mies, Estonian mees. [ U 114, N 292 ] Dravidian: Kolami m¯ as ‘man,’ m¯ ac ‘husband,’ m¯ aca ‘wife,’ Naikri m¯ as ‘man,’ m¯ asal ‘woman,’ Naiki m¯ as ‘husband,’ m¯ asa ‘wife,’ Parji ma˜ nja ∼ ma˜ n˜ na ‘man,’ Gondi manja ‘man, person,’ Konda m¯ asi ‘husband,’ Kurux m¯ ˜
∼ m¯et ‘adult man, husband,’ Tamil m¯antar ‘people, men.’ [ D 4791;
Illich-Svitych’s comparison (N 292) is with D 4774: Tamil man ¯ ‘king, chief, husband,’ etc. The two are probably related. ] Japanese-Ryukyuan: Old Japanese (wo-)mina ‘woman’ (mod. onna). [ SY ] Ainu meno(-ko) ∼ mene(-ko) ‘woman.’ Caucasian: Proto-Caucasian *mVnxV ‘man, male.’ [ NSC 116
] Yeniseian: Proto-Yeniseian *pix- ‘man.’ [ NSC 116
] Indo-Pacific: Bilakura munan ‘man,’ Warenbori mando, Osum aminika ‘woman,’ Ikundun mundu ‘man.’ [ FS 92, 93, 106 ] Nahali mancho ∼ manco ‘man,’ man-t.a ‘men.’ [ NA 89
] Miao-Yao: Proto-Miao-Yao *hmën ‘person,’ Miao hmoÑ
of the Miao), Yao man ∼ myen ∼ mun (self-name of the Yao). [ PB 336
] Amerind:
Almosan-Keresiouan: Bella Coola man ‘father,’ Pentlatch m¯ an, Squamish man, Blackfoot no-ma ‘husband’; Penutian: Coos ma ‘per- son,’ Kalapuya menami, Nisenan manai ‘boy,’ Rumsien ama ‘person,’ Hokan: Chumash s-mano ∼ ¬-mano ‘man’; Chibchan-Paezan: Ayoman ayoman ‘husband,’ Warrau moana ‘people’; Andean: Iquito komano ‘fa- ther,’ Yahgan imun- ‘father,’ yamana ‘person’; Macro-Tucanoan: Yahuna meni ‘boy,’ maneh˜e ‘husband,’ Yupua manape‹, Yuyuka yemane, Coto ¨ omuna ‘man,’ Proto-Nambikwara *m¯ ˜ın ‘father,’ Kaliana m˜ın˜ o ‘man, per- son,’ imone ‘father-in-law,’ Wanana meno ‘man,’ manino ‘her husband,’ Waikina emeno ‘man’; Equatorial: Guahibo amona ‘husband,’ itsa-mone ‘person,’ Callahuaya mana, Achual aiˇsman ‘man,’ Marawan maki-b-mani ‘boy,’ Chamicuro θamoni ‘my father,’ Manao re-manao ‘person,’ Proto-
312 14. Global Etymologies Tupi *men ‘husband,’ Guarani mena, Guajajara man; Macro-Carib: Api- aca moni ‘boy,’ Ocaina moon ‘father,’ Paravithana mei-moen ‘son,’ Mi- ranya itse-meni; Macro-Panoan: Moseten moinˇci ‘person,’ Charrua ito- jman ‘boy,’ Guana emmanabie ‘man’; Macro-Ge: Cayapo m¨ an ‘person,’ mi¨ an ‘husband,’ Chicriaba aimaman ‘boy,’ mamaÑ ‘father,’ Coroado kuoy- man ‘man.’ [ AM 154, AMN ] 16 MENA ‘to think (about)’ ?Khoisan: Sandawe mˇe:na ‘to like.’ Niger-Congo: Fulup -maman ‘know,’ Mambila mini ‘think,’ Malinke mèn ‘understand,’ Bambara mè, Proto-Bantu *m`
NC 28, KS 45, BA IV: 8, 12 ]
Tumale aiman ‘think.’ [ NK 41
] Nilo-Saharan: Songhai ma ‘understand,’ Daza monër ‘know,’ Dinik m´
Lotuko mij, Proto-Daju *minaÑe ‘to dream,’ Shatt miniÑ, Ik miin-es ‘to love,’ Teso a-min. [ KS 45, NSB, KER ] Afro-Asiatic: Proto-Afro-Asiatic *man ‘think, understand, wish, desire, count’; Semitic: Sokotri mnj ‘wish,’ Tigrinya t¨ am¨ ann¨ aj¨ a, Arabic mnw ‘understand,’ Hebrew m¯ an¯ ah ‘count,’ Akkadian man¯ u, Aramaic mën¯ a; Cushitic: Somali m¯ an ‘mind’; Chadic: Angas man ‘know,’ Boleva mon, Masa min ‘wish.’ [ N 281, AB 348 ] Indo-European: Proto-Indo-European *men ‘to think’; Anatolian: Hittite me-ma-a-i (< *me-mn-eA-) ‘to say’; Italic: Latin men(s) ‘mind,’ memin¯ı ‘to remember,’ mon(-¯ere) ‘to remind, warn’; Indic: Sanskrit m´ anyat¯e ‘to think,’ m´ anas ‘mind’; Greek mimn¯eskein ‘to remember’; Germanic: Gothic munan ‘to think,’ muns ‘thought’; Baltic: Lithuanian men` u, mi˜ nti ‘to remember’; Slavic: Old Church Slavic m˘ınˇeti ‘to count,’ pa-meªt˘ı ‘mind, memory’; Albanian mund ‘I can’; Armenian i-manam ‘I under- stand’; Tocharian: Tocharian A mnu ‘thought,’ Tocharian B ma˜ nu ‘wish (n.), desire (n.).’ [ IE 726, N 281, AB 348 ] Uralic: Proto-Uralic (Illich-Svitych) *manV ∼ *monV ‘guess, speak, con- jure,’ (R´edei) *mon‰- ‘say’; Yukaghir mon; Samoyed: Yurak maan, Tavgy muno ‘say, command’; Ugric: Hungarian mon(-d) ‘say’; Finnic: Finnish manaa ‘to warn, admonish, curse, bewitch,’ Estonian mana ‘abuse, curse,’ Saami moanˆ a ‘to conjecture,’ Mordvin mu´ na ‘bewitch,’ Cheremis mana ‘speak, order.’ [ U 53, N 281, AB 348, KR 290 ] Dravidian: Tamil man ¯ u ‘prayer, request, word,’ Kannada manuve ‘request,’ Telugu manavi ‘prayer, humble request,’ Irula man.i ‘talk, speak,’ Kota mayn.- ‘talk, scold, abuse.’ [ D 4671, 4775, N 281 ] ?Turkic:
Turkish mani ‘folk song,’ Crimean Turkish man¨ a ‘folk song, mel- ody.’ [
LN 281 ]
14. Global Etymologies 313
Basque mun ‘medulla,’ munak (pl.) ‘brains.’ [ LC 916
] ?Burushaski minäs ‘story, tale.’ [ B 506
] ?Sino-Tibetan: Tibeto-Burman: Proto-Tibeto-Burman *r-miÑ ‘name,’ Ti- betan miÑ,’ Magari armin, Limbu miÑ, Garo miÑ ‘to name,’ Burmese ma´ n ‘to be named,’ Mikir mon ‘mind,’ mun-t‘i ‘to think, understand, guess, assume, appreciate,’ Mid´zu moÑ ‘to summon.’ [ ST 83 ] Cf. also Proto-Tibeto-Burman *maÑ ‘dream,’ often in composition with Proto- Tibeto-Burman *ip ‘sleep,’ as in Nung ip-maÑ ‘to dream,’ Burmese ip-mak ‘dream,’ hmaÑ(-tak-mi) ‘to be possessed (applied to somnambulism).’ [ ST 82 ] Amerind:
Almosan-Keresiouan: Shawnee menw ‘prefer, like,’ Laguna am¯ u ‘love,’ Catawba mu÷e ‘wish,’ Thompson iomin- ‘have friendly feelings,’ Okanagan iqam¯en ‘love,’ Kalispel ¯
Miwok munu ‘be hungry,’ Patwin meina ‘try’; Hokan: Chimariko mi÷inan ‘like,’ Karok ÷¯ımnih ‘love’; Central Amerind: Chichimec men, Mixtec
Timucua mani ‘wish,’ Andaqui mi˜ na-za ‘I sought,’ Colorado munai ‘love,’ muna-ha ‘wish’; Andean: Araucanian ma˜ numn ‘love,’ Aymara muna, Sa- bella m˜e- ‘seek,’ Cholona men ‘wish,’ Quechua muna; Equatorial: Otomi manenianda ‘love,’ momene ‘think,’ Baure emeniko ‘love,’ Kamayura emanhau; Macro-Panoan: Lengua min- ‘wish,’ Mataco hemen ‘love,’ Vejoz humin, Mascoy emeni, Caduveo addemane ‘do you love me?’; Macro-Ge: Kamakan m˜ a ‘seek,’ Kr˜eye m˜ a- ‘wish, love,’ Apinage amn˜ onm˜ on ‘think.’ [ AM 270, AMN ] 17 MI(N) ‘what?’ Khoisan:
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