Sof ijtimoiy mahsulotni jamoa bo`lib iste`mol qiladi, lekin biz yuqorida aytganimizday har
bir shaxs bunday iste`moldan har xil naf ko`radi. Masalan, 5-rasmda
A
shaxs eng kam naf ko`radi,
B
shaxs
A
shaxsga nisbatan ko`proq naf ko`radi,
S
shaxs
B
shaxsga ko`ra ko`p naf oladi. Amalda
har bir shaxsning qancha naf olganligini hisoblash qiyin. Bunday axborotni olish ham murkkab.
“Public Goods
The last source of market failure arises when the market fails to supply goods that
many consumers value. A public g ood is a good that can be
made available cheaply to
many consumers, but once the good is provided to some consumers,
it is very difficult to
prevent others from consuming it. For example, suppose a firm is considering whether to
undertake research on a new technology for which it cannot obtain a patent. Once the
invention
is made public, others can duplicate it. As long as it is difficult to exclude other
firms from selling the product, the research will be unprofitable. Thus,
markets undersupply
public goods. We will see in Chapter 18 that the government can sometimes resolve this
problem either by supplying the good itself or by altering the incentives for private firms to
produce it..”
24
.
Agar iste`mol qilingan sof ijtimoiy ne`matga har bir shaxs o`zi olgan chekli yutug`iga ko`ra
pul to`laganda edi, olingan naf to`g`risidagi axborotni yashirishga
undaydigan kuchli
rag`batlantirish paydo bo`lar edi, hamda olinadigan nafni darajasini ko`pchilik pasaytirishga
harakat qilar edi.
Haqiqatda esa, iste`molchilar iste`mol qilingan sof ijtimoiy mahsulot uchun pul to`laydimi,
yo`qmi undan naf olganligi uchun ayrim hollarda ortiqcha to`lovlarsiz, bepul ushbu ne`matlarni
olishga harakat qiladi. Ushbu vaziyat biletsiz muammosini, ya`ni «quyon» muammosi nomini oldi.
Bu erda iqtisodiy sub`ektlarning bozorning bozor mexanizmi ishlamaydigan joylaridan
foydalanib, boshqalar hisobidan ko`proq yutuqqa erishishga harakat qilishi nazarda tutiladi.
Biletsiz yuruvchi muammosi ko`proq katta iste`molchi jamoa
guruhlarida yuzaga keladi, nima
uchun deganda, bunday guruhlarda kerakli, to`liq axborotni olish qiyin. Biletsizlar muammosini
mavjudligi sof ijtimoiy mahsutloni ishlab chiqarish hajmini uning samarali hajmidan kam
bo`lishiga olib keladi. Bozor mexanizmi bu muammoni echishga ojiz. Ushbu xatoni tuzatishda
davlatning ahamiyati nihoyatda katta.
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