Bukhara state university faculty of history

Stoneware belong to Culture in Chust
CONSLUCSION
Archeology plays an important role in the study of the history of our country. Because very few written sources have survived to study the history of the BC period. Archaeological monuments and the material objects found in them help to shed some light on our ancient history. These monuments are now under state protection, and research by scientists continues today.
Central Asia is an integral part of the history of the ancient East. It is one of the first centers of human culture. The natural climate of Central Asia is rich in a variety of flora and fauna, which is very favorable for human habitation. This was not possible without the attention of primitive and ancient people. As a result, people have lived in this country since ancient times. All over the country there are a variety of monuments left by primitive and ancient people - Stone Age sites, caves, Bronze Age villages and tombs, Iron Age castles and ruins of cities, rock paintings, the remains of irrigation structures, ancient remnants of defensive walls are very common.
In addition to studying the material sources found in archeological excavations, it also studies objects found by chance in various excavations, including treasures. There are also material resources that do not lie underground. For example, the remains of medieval treasures and ornate old buildings, etc. are such sources. Archaeologists are still struggling to gather enough evidence.
There are several branches of archeology, such as epigraphy, which studies stone, metal, ceramic, and wood inscriptions, numismatics, which studies coins, sphragistics, which studies seals, and heraldry, which studies coats of arms. While archeology remains a historical science, data from geology, botany, zoology, and anthropology are used to explain observations in excavations, while at the same time providing valuable material to those natural sciences.
The study of the material and spiritual monuments of the peoples of Central Asia dates back to the second half of the 19th century. After the annexation of this country to Russia, a lot of people from different professions started to come here. Among them were people interested in local material monuments.
Well-known orientalists such as V. V. Bartold, V. A. Zhukovsky, N. I. Veselovsky, A. P. Kun, V. L. Lyatkin, I. T. Poslovsky, N. P. Ostroumov and other amateurs contributed to the study of archeology and history of Central Asia. The works of Akrom Askarov and M. Mirmuhammedov are also noteworthy among local amateurs. In 1895, under the direct leadership and proposal of W. Barthold, the "Amateur Circle of Turkestan Archeology" was formed and its charter was approved. In the development of Central Asian archeology, S. P. Tolstov, M. Ye. Masson, M. M. Dyakonov, A. P. Okladnikov, M. M. Gerasimov, Ya. Yu. Yakubovskiy, Ya. Well-known archeologists such as F. Gulyamov, V. A. Shishkin, B. A. Litvinsky and G. A. Pugachenkova made a great contribution to the study of the history of our country.
It should be noted that in recent years, a large group of archaeologists has emerged. A. Askarov, A. Muhammadjonov, O ’. Islomov, I. Albaum, Yu. F. Buryakov, R. H. Suleymanov, A. S. Sagdullayev, N. Nematov, A. Ranov, V. Vinogradov, E. V. Rtveladze, M. Jurakulov and others. Even today, the study of Central Asian archeology is well established. Special institutes, universities and pedagogical institutes, departments and divisions of republican and regional museums are engaged in this work.
In 1908 in Samarkand the remains of Ulugbek Observatory were found and examined by VLLyatkin. He also worked in 1925-30. In 1926-28, archeological excavations were carried out in Termez by B.P. Deneke, and in 1929-1930 by the Potapovs in the Fergana Valley. A group led by SP Tolstov conducted inspections in Khorezm, and a group led by VA Shishkin conducted inspections in the western part of Bukhara region.
Special mention should be made of the monuments found in 1938 by A.P. Okladnikov in the cave of Mount Boysun called Teshiktash. Archaeological excavations here have revealed the tomb of a 9-year-old boy under the For wall, along with a wealth of material evidence.
In 1946, tools from the Middle Paleolithic period were found in a place called Omangoton in Urgutma. Since 1980, U. Islamov has been conducting archeological research and making new discoveries in the Selungur Cave in the Fergana region.
The Kushan period is explained by significant changes in the material and spiritual culture of the peoples of Central Asia. Archaeological excavations in southern and northern Afghanistan in Central Asia show that the Greco-Bactrian and Kushan-Bactrian cultures flourished. The first monuments were opened in Ayritom and ancient Termez in the 1930s and will continue in the 1960s. Later, the Qoratepa Buddhist temple near the ancient city of Termez, the ancient cities of Fayoztepa, Kholchayon and Dalvarzin were opened and finally developed to a high level. On the roofs of houses found in the ancient city of Ayritom, there are pictures of girls dressed in flowers, playing musical instruments and boys playing drums. The appearance of the city at the end of the Denau, where the remains of the Holchayon monument have been preserved, dates back to the middle of the 1st millennium BC. The process of development coincides with the Kushan dynasty.
Architecture has been well developed in Central Asia since the Hephthalite period. The construction of castles was especially important during this period. The palaces were usually two-storied, with flat roofs and flat roofs. From the 5th century onwards, in addition to cotton and raw bricks, bricks (baked bricks) were used in the construction of palace palaces. The walls of palaces and temples are usually decorated with colorful images. One such example is on the walls of the Bolaliktepa (Surkhandarya) castle. One of the great examples of Hephthalite architecture was the Varakhsha Palace near Bukhara. The castle is built on a huge rectangular top. The walls are plastered and decorated with paintings.
In the IX-X centuries, the art of architecture and the style of construction reached another stage in its development. In the construction of this period, as in previous centuries, raw bricks and cotton were the main building materials. The mausoleum of Ismail Somoni in Bukhara is a monument to the high development of Movarounnahr and Khorasan architecture during the Samanid period. This mausoleum still amazes visitors. Rare examples of Samanid architecture can be found in the mausoleums of Alambardor near Karki (Turkmenistan), Khoja Nakhshron near Uzun (Surkhandarya), and Mir Said Bahrom in Karaman. These monuments also testify to the high level of architecture of the IX-X centuries.